Beta-hairpin peptidomimetics

ABSTRACT

β-Hairpin peptidomimetics of the general formula Cyclo(-Xaa 1 -Xaa 2 -Xaa 3 -Xaa 4 -Xaa 5 -Xaa 6 -Xaa 7 -Xaa 8 -Xaa 9 -Xaa 10 -Xaa 11 -Xaa 12 -Xaa 13 -Xaa 14 -Xaa 15 -Xaa 16 -), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with Xaa 1-Xaa 16 being amino acid residues of certain types which are defined in the description and the claims, have CXCR4 antagonizing properties and prolonged half-lives in vivo and can be used for preventing HIV infections in healthy individuals or for slowing and halting viral progression in infected patients; or where cancer is mediated or resulting from CXCR4 receptor activity; or where immunological diseases are mediated or resulting from CXCR4 receptor activity; or for treating immunosuppression; or during apheresis collections eases of peripheral blood stem cells and/or as agents to induce mobilization of stem cells to regulate tissue repair. These peptidomimetics can be manufactured by a process which is based on a mixed solid-and solution phase synthetic strategy.

The present invention provides β-hairpin peptidomimetics having CXCR4 antagonizing activity and prolonged half-lives in vivo.

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention are Cyclo(-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with Xaa¹ to Xaa¹⁶ being as described herein below.

In addition, the present invention provides an efficient synthetic process by which these compounds can, if desired, be made in parallel library-format. These β-hairpin peptidomimetics show a significantly enhanced ratio between CXCR4 antagonizing activity on the one hand, and reduced hemolysis of red blood cells and reduced or no cytotoxicity on the other, and most importantly, prolonged plasma half-lives in vivo which can improve efficacy and bioavailability significantly.

Many medically significant biological processes are mediated by signal transduction that involves chemokines and their receptors in general and stromal derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 in particular.

CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 are involved in trafficking of B-cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). For instance, CXCR4 is expressed on CD34+ cells and has been implicated in the process of CD34+ cell migration and homing (S. M. Watt, S. P. Forde, Vox sanguinis 2008, 94, 18-32). It has also been shown that the CXCR4 receptor plays an important role in the release of stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood (L. M. Pelus, S. Fukuda, Leukemia 2008, 22, 466-473). This activity of CXCR4 could be very important for efficient apheresis collections of peripheral blood stem cells. Autologous peripheral blood cells provide a rapid and sustained hematopoietic recovery following auto-transplantation after the administration of high-dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy in patients with haematological malignancies and solid tumors (W. C. Liles et al., Blood 2003, 102, 2728-2730).

Recently, it has been demonstrated that SDF-1 is locally up-regulated in animal models of injury including focal ischemic stroke, global cerebral ischemia, myocardial infarction and hind limb ischemia as well as being involved in recovery after peripheral ischemia or following injury to the liver, kidney or lung (A. E. Ting, R. W. Mays, M. R. Frey, W. Van't H of, S. Medicetty, R. Deans, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2008, 65, 81-93 and literature cited herein; F. Lin, K. Cordes, L. Li, L. Hood, W. G. Couser, S. J. Shankland et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003, 14, 1188-1199; C. C. Dos Santos, Intensive Care Med. 2008, 34, 619-630). These results suggest that SDF-1 may be a chemoattractant for CXCR4-positive stem cells for tissue and organ repair/regeneration (M. Z. Ratajczak, M. Kucia, R. Reca, M. Majka, A. Janowska-Wieczorek, J. Ratajczak, Leukemia 2004, 18, 29-40). Therefore, modulating the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis by CXCR4 inhibitors should result in a significant therapeutic benefit by using released stem cells to regulate tissue repair.

More recently, it has been shown that disrupting the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis by CXCR4 inhibitors plays a crucial role in differential mobilization of progenitor cells like HPCs, endothelial (EPCs) and stromal progenitor cells (SPCs) from the bone marrow (S. C. Pitchford, R. C. Furze, C. P. Jones, A. M. Wegner, S. M. Rankin, Cell Stem Cell 2009, 4, 62). In addition, bone marrow-derived CXCR4⁺ Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells (VSELs) were mobilized in patients with acute myocardial infarction indicating a hypothetical reparatory mechanism (W. Wojakowski, M. Tendra, M. Kucia, E. Zuba-Surma, E. Paczkowska, J. Ciosek, M. Halasa, M. Kral, M. Kazmierski, P. Buszman, A. Ochala, J. Ratajczak, B. Machalinski, M. Z. Ratajczak, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009, 53, 1). These findings may be exploited to provide efficacious stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are nonhematopoietic progenitor cells having the capability of differentiating into tissues such as bone and cartilage (D. J. Prockop, Science 1997, 276, 71). As a small proportion of MSCs strongly expresses functionally active CXCR4, modulation of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis may mediate specific migration and homing of these cells (R. F. Wynn, C. A. Hart, C. Corradi-Perini, L. O'Neill, C. A. Evans, J. E. Wraith, L. J. Fairbaim, I. Bellantuono, Blood 2004, 104, 2643).

There is increasing evidence suggesting that chemokines in general and the SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction in particular play a pivotal role in angiogenesis. Chemokines induce angiogenesis directly by binding their cognate receptors on endothelial cells or indirectly by promoting inflammatory cell infiltrates, which deliver other angiogenic stimuli. A number of proinflammatory chemokines including interleukin (IL-8), growth-regulated oncogene, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), eotaxin 1, and 1-309 have been shown to act as direct inducers of angiogenesis (X. Chen, J. A. Beutler, T. G. McCloud, A. Loehfelm, L. Yang, H. F. Dong, O. Y. Chertov, R. Salcedo, J. J. Oppenheim, O. M. Howard. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9(8), 3115-3123; R. Salcedo, J. J. Oppenheim, Microcirculation 2003, (3-4), 359-370).

Recently obtained results show that the CXCR4 receptor is involved in the chemotactic activity of cancer cells, such as breast cancer metastasis or in metastasis of ovarian cancer (A. Muller, B. Homey, H. Soto, N. Ge, D. Catron, M. E. Buchanan, T. Mc Clanahan, E. Murphey, W. Yuan, S. N. Wagner, J. L. Barrera, A. Mohar, E. Verastegui, A. Zlotnik, Nature 2001, 50, 410; J. M. Hall, K. S. Korach, Molecular Endocrinology 2003, 17, 792-803), Non-Hodgin's Lymphoma (F. Bertolini, C. Dell'Agnola, P. Manusco, C. Rabascio, A. Burlini, S. Monestiroli, A. Gobbi, G. Pruneri, G. Martinelli, Cancer Research 2002, 62, 3106-3112), or lung cancer (T. Kijima, G. Maulik, P. C. Ma, E. V. Tibaldi, R. E. Turner, B. Rollins, M. Sattler, B. E. Johnson, R. Salgia, Cancer Research 2002, 62, 6304-6311), melanoma, prostate cancer, kidney cancer, neuroblastomia, pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, endometrial cancer, germ cell tumor (H. Tamamura et al., FEBS Letters 2003, 550, 79-83, cited ref.; Z. Wang, Q. Ma, Q. Liu, H. Yu, L. Zhao, S. Shen, J. Yao, British Journal of Cancer 2008, 99, 1695; B. Sung, S. Jhurani, K. S. Ahn, Y. Mastuo, T. Yi, S. Guha, M. Liu, B. Aggarwal, Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 8938; H. Liu, Z. Pan, A. Li, S. Fu, Y. Lei, H. Sun, M. Wu, W. Zhou, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2008, 5, 373; C. Rubie, O. Kollmar, V. O. Frick, M. Wagner, B. Brittner, S. Graber, M. K. Schilling, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 2008, 68, 635; S. Gelmini, M. Mangoni, F. Castiglioe, C. Beltrami, A. Pieralli, K. L. Andersson, M. Fambrini, G. l. Taddie, M. Serio, C. Orlando, Clin. Exp. Metastasis 2009, 26, 261; D. C. Gilbert, I. Chandler, A. McIntyre, N. C. Goddard, R. Gabe, R. A. Huddart, J. Shipley, J. Pathol. 2009, 217, 94). Blocking the chemotactic activity with a CXCR4 inhibitor should stop the migration of cancer cells and thus metastasis.

CXCR4 has also been implicated in the growth and proliferation of solid tumors and leukemia/lymphoma. It was shown that activation of the CXCR4 receptor was critical for the growth of both malignant neuronal and glial tumors. Moreover, systemic administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 inhibits growth of intracranial glioblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts by increasing apoptosis and decreasing the proliferation of tumor cells (J. B. Rubin, A. L Kung, R. S Klein, J. A. Chan, Y. Sun, K. Schmidt, M. W. Kieran, A. D. Luster, R. A. Segal, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100(23), 13513-13518; S. Barbero, R. Bonavia, A. Bajetto, C. Porcile, P. Pirani, J. L. Ravetti, G. L. Zona, R. Spaziante, T. Florio, G. Schettini, Cancer Res. 2003, 63(8), 1969-1974; T. Kijima, G. Maulik, P. C. Ma, E. V. Tibaldi, R. E. Turner, B. Rollins, M. Sattler, B. E. Johnson, R. Salgia. Cancer Res. 2002, 62(21), 6304-6311). CXCR4 inhibitors also showed promising in vitro and in vivo efficacies in breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, malignant melanoma, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyo-sarcoma, prostate cancer as well as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (J. A. Burger, A. Peled, Leukemia 2009, 23, 43-52 and literature cited herein).

It is well established that chemokines are involved in a number of inflammatory pathologies and some of them show a pivotal role in the modulation of osteoclast development. Immunostaining for SDF-1 (CXCL12) on synovial and bone tissue biopsies from both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) samples have revealed strong increases in the expression levels of chemokines under inflammatory conditions (F. Grassi, S. Cristino, S. Toneguzzi, A. Piacentini, A. Facchini, G. Lisignoli, J. Cell Physiol. 2004; 199(2), 244-251). It seems likely that the CXCR4 receptor plays an important role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, atherosclerosis, or eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration (K. R. Shadidi et al., Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 2003, 57, 192-198; J. A. Gonzalo, J. Immunol. 2000, 165, 499-508; S. Hatse et al., FEBS Letters 2002, 527, 255-262 and cited references, A. T. Weeraratna, A. Kalehua, I. DeLeon, D. Bertak, G. Maher, M. S. Wade, A. Lustig, K. G. Becker, W. Wood, D. G. Walker, T. G. Beach, D. D. Taub, Exp. Cell Res. 2007, 313, 450; M. Shimoji, F. Pagan, E. B. Healton, I. Mocchetti, Neurotox. Res. 2009, 16, 318; A. Zernecke, E. Shagdarsuren, C. Weber, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2008, 28, 1897; R. Lima e Silva, J. Shen, S. F. Hackett, S. Kachi, H. Akiyama et al., FASEB 2007, 21, 3219). The mediation of recruitment of immune cells to sites of inflammation should be stopped by a CXCR4 inhibitor.

To date the available therapies for the treatment of HIV infections have been leading to a remarkable improvement in symptoms and recovery from disease in infected people. Although the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) which involves a combination of reverse transcriptase/protease-inhibitor has dramatically improved the clinical treatment of individuals with AIDS or HIV infection, there have still remained several serious problems including multi drug resistance, significant adverse effects and high costs. Particularly desired are anti-HIV agents that block the HIV infection at an early stage of the infection, such as the viral entry. It has recently been recognized that for efficient entry into target cells, human immunodeficiency viruses require the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 as well as the primary receptor CD4 (N. Levy, Engl. J. Med. 1996, 335, 1528-1530). Accordingly, an agent which could block the CXCR4 chemokine receptors should prevent infections in healthy individuals and slow or halt viral progression in infected patients (J. Cohen, Science 1997, 275, 1261-1264).

Among the different types of CXCR4 inhibitors (M. Schwarz, T. N. C. Wells, A. E. I. Proudfoot, Receptors and Channels 2001, 7, 417-428; Y. Lavrovsky, Y. A. Ivanenkov, K. V. Balakin, D. A. Medvedewa, P. V. Ivachtchenko, Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2008, 11, 1075-1087), one emerging class is based on naturally occurring cationic peptide analogues derived from Polyphemusin II which have an antiparallel (3-sheet structure, and a β-hairpin that is maintained by two disulfide bridges (H. Nakashima, M. Masuda, T. Murakami, Y. Koyanagi, A. Matsumoto, N. Fujii, N. Yamamoto, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemoth. 1992, 36, 1249-1255; H. Tamamura, M. Kuroda, M. Masuda, A. Otaka, S. Funakoshi, H. Nakashima, N. Yamamoto, M. Waki, A. Matsumotu, J. M. Lancelin, D. Kohda, S. Tate, F. Inagaki, N. Fujii, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1993, 209, 1163; WO 95/10534 A1).

Synthesis of structural analogs and structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have shown that the cationic peptides adopt well defined β-hairpin conformations, due to the constraining effect of one or two disulfide bridges (H. Tamamura, M. Sugioka, Y. Odagaki, A. Omagari, Y. Kahn, S. Oishi, H. Nakashima, N. Yamamoto, S. C. Peiper, N. Hamanaka, A. Otaka, N. Fujii, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2001, 359-362). These results show that the β-hairpin structure plays an important role in CXCR4 antagonizing activity.

Additional structural studies have indicated that the antagonizing activity can also be influenced by modulating amphiphilic structure and the pharmacophore (H. Tamamura, A. Omagari, K. Hiramatsu, K. Gotoh, T. Kanamoto, Y. Xu, E. Kodama, M. Matsuoka, T. Hattori, N. Yamamoto, H. Nakashima, A. Otaka, N. Fujii, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2001, 11, 1897-1902; H. Tamamura, A. Omagari, K. Hiramatsu, S. Oishi, H. Habashita, T. Kanamoto, K. Gotoh, N. Yamamoto, H. Nakashima, A. Otaka N. Fujii, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 1417-1426; H. Tamamura, K. Hiramatsu, K. Miyamoto, A. Omagari, S. Oishi, H. Nakashima, N. Yamamoto, Y. Kuroda, T. Nakagawa, A. Otaki, N. Fujii, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letters 2002, 12, 923-928).

The compounds Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) of the invention are cyclic β-hairpin peptidomimetics exhibiting high CXCR4 antagonizing activity, being useful for efficient apheresis collections of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells and/or using these mobilized cells to regulate tissue repair, and having anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity and anti-HIV activity.

The cyclic β-hairpin conformation is induced by the D-amino acid residue Xaa⁷ and the D-amino acid or N-substituted glycine residue Xaa¹⁵. Further stabilization of the hairpin conformation is achieved by the amino acid residues at positions 4 and 11, which, taken together, form bridges like e.g. a disulfide bridge or a lactam bridge. In addition, incorporation of amino acid residues having lipophilic moieties attached into cyclic β-hairpin peptidomimetics has been realized, a new approach which has not previously been evaluated for development of β-hairpin peptidomimetics with CXCR4 antagonizing activity.

Modifications, such as incorporation of amino acid residues bearing lipophilic moieties to cyclic β-hairpin peptidomimetics result in compounds showing highly protracted plasma profiles in vitro and prolonged half-lives in vivo. Surprisingly, the insertion of these relatively bulky amino acid residues is well accepted at even several positions of the rather small cyclic β-hairpin peptidomimetics effecting molecules which retain their CXCR4 antagonizing activity. Following this approach, compounds are obtained which can show significantly improved efficacy and bioavailability and therefore provide a longer duration of action in vivo.

β-hairpin mimetic peptides have been described in the literature (D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, Adv. Med. Chem. 1999, 4, 1-68; J. A. Robinson, Syn. Lett. 2000, 4, 429-441), and the ability to generate β-hairpin peptidomimetics using combinatorial and parallel synthesis methods has now been established (L. Jiang, K. Moehle, B. Dhanapal, D. Obrecht, J. A. Robinson, Helv. Chim. Acta. 2000, 83, 3097-3112). However, the additional incorporation of amino acid residues bearing lipophilic moieties to β-hairpin mimetics by applying and altering these methods has not previously been evaluated for development of CXCR4 antagonizing peptides. The methods described here allow the synthesis and screening of large hairpin mimetic libraries, which in turn considerably facilitates structure-activity studies, and hence the discovery of new molecules with highly potent CXCR4 antagonizing activity or anti-cancer activity or anti-inflammatory activity or anti-HIV activity and low hemolytic activity to human red blood cells.

β-Hairpin peptidomimetics obtained by the approach described here can be used in apheresis collections of peripheral blood stem cells and/or as agents to induce mobilization of stem cells to regulate tissue repair or are useful as anti-cancer agents, as inhibitors of tumor growth or as apoptosis inducing agents, as anti-metastasis agents, as anti-inflammatory agents and as anti-HIV agents.

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the present invention are compounds of the general formula Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-),

wherein Xaa¹ is Gly, NMeGly, Leu, Val, Ser, Asp, Glu or an amino acid residue of type D as defined herein below, Xaa² is His, Tyr, Arg, Lys or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa³ is Ala, Cha, Tyr, Thr, Cit, Gln or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹ are amino acid residues, taken together, forming a group of type H as defined herein below, Xaa⁵ is Ser, Arg, Dab, Dap or the D-isomer of an amino acid residue of type F as defined herein below,

Xaa⁶ is Ala or Gly,

Xaa⁷ is -A-CO— as defined herein below or the D-isomer of an amino acid residue of type D as defined herein below, Xaa⁸ is Dab, Arg, Tyr, His, Thr or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa⁹ is Arg or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa¹⁰ is an amino acid residue of type D as described herein below or an amino acid residue of type O as described herein below, Xaa¹² is Ala, Leu, Lys, Ser, Thr or an amino acid residue of type D as defined herein below, Xaa¹³ is Gln, Thr, Cit or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa¹⁴ is Lys, Orn, Arg, Ala, Gln, Glu or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa¹⁵ is -A-CO— as defined herein below or the D-isomer of an amino acid residue of type C, or of type D, or of type E, or of type F, as defined herein below or a N-substituted glycine residue of type I as defined herein below, and Xaa¹⁶ is —B—CO— as defined herein below; with the proviso that

-   -   Cyclo(-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-)         contains at least one amino acid residue of type O as defined         herein below not exceeding four amino acid residues of type O as         defined herein below,         and/or     -   Cyclo         (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-)         contains -A-CO— having a residue designated as “lipophilic         moiety” as defined herein below;         —B—CO— is Gly, NMeGly or the residue of an L-α-amino acid with B         being a residue of formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁷¹)—, or —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)—, or         —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)—, or —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)—, or —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)—, or the         enantiomer of one of the groups A1 to A69 and A105 as defined         hereinafter;         A of -A-CO— is a group of one of the formulae

-   R¹ is H; lower alkyl; aryl-lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl -   R² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)₃R⁷⁷;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)₃OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR²⁹R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)₃R⁹¹; -   R³ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR²⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR²⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;             —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁸ is H; Cl; F; CF₃; NO₂; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; ary     -   lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)R⁷⁷     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)₃R⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; -   R⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl ; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁰ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;             —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)₃OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹³ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)₃OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)₃SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SOR⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SOR⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁶ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂) o (CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁸⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁸⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁸ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂), (CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHRsNR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁸⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂), (CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; or -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁸⁹(CH₂)₂—; -   R²⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or R⁸⁹; -   R²¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²² is H lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁸⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²³ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁸⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁴ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁸⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)₃OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; or -   R²⁵ and R²⁶ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r);     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)—; —(CH₂)_(r)NR⁵⁷(CH₂)_(m)—; or         —(CH₂)_(r)NR⁸⁹(CH₂)_(r)—; -   R²⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁸ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ -   R³³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹,         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         -   R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹,     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁴ is H; lower alkyl; aryl, lower alkyl-aryl;     -   aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R³³ and R³⁴ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂) 2S(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁸⁹(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁵⁰ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁵⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   aryl-lower alkyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁸³; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—COR⁶⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)COOR⁵⁷; or     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   R⁵⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   aryl-lower alkyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁸³; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—COR⁶⁴;         or     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   R⁵⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or     -   heteroaryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁵⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl;     -   heteroaryl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁵⁹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl;     -   heteroaryl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or -   R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁶⁰ is H; t lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   aryl-lower alkyl; aryl; -   R⁶¹ is alkyl; alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl;     -   aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷; or         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; -   R⁶² is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl,     -   aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; or     -   heteroaryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁶³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl,     -   aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl;     -   heteroaryl-lower alkyl;     -   —COR⁶⁴; —COOR⁵⁷; —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —SO₂R⁶²; or —PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; or -   R³⁴ and R⁶³ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁶⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl,     -   aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl;     -   heteroaryl-lower alkyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁶⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁶⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; or         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; -   R⁶⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl,     -   aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl;     -   heteroaryl-lower alkyl;     -   —COR⁵⁷; —COOR⁵⁷; or —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   R⁶⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl,     -   aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl;     -   heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   R⁶⁷ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; —CF₃; CN; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂;     -   —OR⁵⁷; —SR⁶²; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; -   R⁶⁸ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; —CF₃; CN; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂;     -   —OR⁵⁷; —SR⁶²; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; -   R⁶⁹ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; —CF₃; CN; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂;     -   —OR⁵⁷; —SR⁶²; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; -   R⁷⁰ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; —CF₃; CN; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂;     -   —OR⁵⁷; —SR⁶²; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; -   R⁷⁴ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)₃OR⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)₃SR⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)PO(OR⁶²)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or     -   —(CH₂)_(o)—C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶; -   R⁷² is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)₃OR⁸⁵; or     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)₃SR⁸⁵; -   R⁷³ is —(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; or     -   —(CH₂)_(r)NR²⁰(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; -   R⁷⁴ is —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;     —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C)(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C)(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁶⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁷⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; -   R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; or -   R⁷⁵ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁷⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl;     -   aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁷²; —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁷²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)COR⁶⁴; -   R⁷⁷ is —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶ with the proviso that at least two of R⁶⁷,     R⁶⁸, R⁶⁹ and R⁷⁰ are H; or a heteroaryl group of one of the formulae

-   R⁷⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl; or     -   aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R⁷⁸ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁷⁹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl; or     -   aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R⁷⁸ and R⁷⁹, taken together, can be —(CH₂)₂₋₇—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁸⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; -   R⁸¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁸² is H; —CF₃; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂; lower alkyl;     -   lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl;     -   aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁸³ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or —NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; -   R⁸⁴ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(S)OH; —(CH₂) pCOOR⁸⁰;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SH;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR^(H)CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; -   R⁸⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; -   R⁸⁶ is R⁷⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)—CHR³³R⁷⁵; R⁸⁴;     -   —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)—C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)OR⁷⁸;         —[(CH₂)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)—CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)—NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)SR⁷⁸     -   where X′ is —O—, —NR²⁰—, —S—; or —OCOO—, u is 1-3, t is 1-6, and         v is 1-3; -   R⁸⁷ is fatty alkyl; fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁹²; fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl; fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁹²; fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl; fatty alkyl-aryl-OR⁶⁵;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl-NR⁷⁸R⁹²; fatty alkyl-aryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-aryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-OR⁶⁵;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl; fatty alkenyl-aryl-OR⁶⁵;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-OR⁶⁵;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl; aryl-fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl; aryl-fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵;     -   aryl-fatty alkyenl-SR⁶⁶;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   adamantyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)₃OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)R⁹¹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(o)R⁹¹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(o)R⁹¹     -   —(CH₂)_(r)NR²⁰(CH₂)_(o)R⁹¹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁸⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁷R⁸⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁸⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;         —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁸)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁸C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁸⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁸;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁸C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁸;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁸C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁸⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁸C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁸⁹R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CONR⁸⁹R⁷⁹; or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁷⁹; -   R⁸⁸ is —COR⁸⁹; —COOR⁸⁹; —CONR³⁴R⁸⁹;     -   —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCOOR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴COR⁸⁹;     -   —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCOOR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴COOR⁸⁹;     -   —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴CONR³⁴R⁸⁹;     -   —COCHR⁹⁰NR³⁴COR⁸⁹;     -   —COCHR⁹⁰NR³⁴COOR⁸⁹;     -   —COCHR⁹⁰NR³⁴CONR³⁴R⁸⁹;     -   —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴-choloyl;     -   —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴-chenodeoxycholoyl     -   —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴-deoxycholoyl     -   —SO₂(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴⁻choloyl;     -   —[CO(CH₂)_(v)—[X′—(CH₂)_(u)]_(t)—NR³⁴]_(t′)—R⁸⁸ where X′ is —O—,     -   —NR²⁰—, —S—; or —OCOO—, t is 1-6, t′ is 1-6, u is 1-3,     -   and v is 1-3 with the proviso that R⁸⁸ in     -   —[CO(CH₂)_(v)—[X′—(CH₂)_(u)]_(t)—NR³⁴]_(t′)—R⁸⁸ is not     -   —[CO(CH₂)_(v)—[X′—(CH₂)_(u)]_(t)—NR³⁴]_(t′)—R⁸⁸; -   R⁸⁹ is fatty alkyl; fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   fatty alkenyl; fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl; fatty alkyl-aryl-OR⁶⁵;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkyl-aryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-aryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-OR⁶⁵;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl; fatty alkenyl-aryl-OR⁶⁵;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   fatty alkenyl-aryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-OR⁶⁵;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-SR⁶⁶;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl; aryl-fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁹²; aryl-fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   aryl-fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl; aryl-fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵;     -   aryl-fatty alkyenl-SR⁶⁶;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   aryl-fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁹²;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰;     -   heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁹²;     -   adamantyl;     -   —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹; with the proviso that at least     -   two of R⁶⁷, R⁶⁸, R⁶⁹ and R⁷⁰ are H, and with the further     -   proviso that R⁸⁹ in —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹ is not     -   —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹; -   R⁹⁰ is —(CH₂)_(p)COOR³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR³⁴; -   R⁹¹ is —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹; —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰OR⁸⁹; or     —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰NR³⁴ _(R) ⁸⁹; with the proviso that at least two of     R⁶⁷, R⁶⁸, R⁶⁹ and R⁷⁰ are H, and with the further that R⁸⁹ in     —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹, —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰OR⁸⁹ or —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰NR³⁴R⁸⁹ is     not C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹, —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰OR⁸⁹ or     —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰NR³⁴R⁸⁹;     m is 2-4; o is 0-4; p is 1-4; q is 0-2; r is 1 or 2; s is 0 or 1;     the amino acid residue of type C is a residue of formula     —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)CO— but not octylglycine;     the amino acid residue of type D is a residue of formula     —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)CO—;     the amino acid residue of type E is a residue of the formula     —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)CO—;     the amino acid residue of type F is a residue of the formula     —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)CO—;     the amino acid residue of type His a residue of the one of the     formulae —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)-alkylene-CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;     —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)-alkenylene-CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;     —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)-alkynylene-CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;     —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)SS(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;     —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CO(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; and     —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR²⁰(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;     the N-substituted glycine residue of type I is a residue of formula     —NR⁸⁶CH₂CO—;     the amino acid residue of type O is a residue of formula     —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁷)CO— but not octylglycine;     the term “lipophilic moiety” designates a substituent or a part of a     substituent comprising a hydrocarbon radical designated as “fatty     alkyl” or a hydrocarbon radical designated as “fatty alkenyl” or a     radical comprising a cyclopentanophenanthrene skeleton or an     adamantyl radical, and the term “fatty” designates a radical having     7 up to 40 carbon atoms;     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In accordance with the present invention these β-hairpin peptidomimetics can be prepared by a process which comprises

-   (a) coupling an appropriately functionalized solid support with an     appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the     desired end-product corresponds to Xaa^(n), wherein n is 16, 13, 8,     7, 5 or 2, any functional group which may be present in said     N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately     protected; -   (b) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; -   (c) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately     N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired     end-product corresponds to Xaa^(n-1), any functional group which may     be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise     appropriately protected; -   (d) removing the N-protecting group from the product obtained in     step (c); -   (e) effecting steps substantially corresponding to steps (c) and (d)     using appropriately N-protected derivatives of amino acids which in     the desired end-product are in positions n−2 to 1, any functional     group(s) which may be present in said N-protected amino acid     derivatives being likewise appropriately protected; -   (f) if n is not 16, further effecting steps substantially     corresponding to steps (c) and (d) using appropriately N-protected     derivatives of amino acids which in the desired end-product are in     positions 16 to n+1, any functional group(s) which may be present in     said N-protected amino acid derivatives being likewise appropriately     protected; -   (g) if desired, selectively deprotecting one or several protected     functional group(s) present in the molecule and appropriately     substituting the reactive group(s) thus liberated by attaching one     or several lipophilic moieties. -   (h) if desired, forming an interstrand linkage between side-chains     of appropriate amino acid residues at P4 and P11; or alternatively,     forming the aforesaid linkage subsequent to step (m), as described     herein below; -   (i) detaching the product thus obtained from the solid support; -   (j) cyclizing the product cleaved from the solid support; -   (k) removing any protecting groups present on functional groups of     any members of the chain of amino acid residues and, if desired, any     protecting group(s) which may in addition be present in the     molecule; and -   (l) if desired, attaching one or several lipophilic moieties; and -   (m) if required, removing any protecting groups present on     functional groups of any members of the chain of amino acid residues     and, if desired, any protecting group(s) which may in addition be     present in the molecule; and -   (n) if desired, converting the product thus obtained into a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt or converting a pharmaceutically     acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the     corresponding free compound or into a different, pharmaceutically     acceptable, salt.

As used in this description, the term “lipophilic moiety” designates a substituent or a part of a substituent comprising a hydrocarbon radical designated as “fatty alkyl” or a hydrocarbon radical designated as “fatty alkenyl” or a radical comprising a cyclopentanophenanthrene skeleton or an adamantyl radical. Substituents like R⁸⁸ or R⁸⁹ are examples of such a lipophilic moiety. The term “fatty alkyl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates saturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having 7 up to 40, preferably 7 up to 28, carbon atoms. Similarily, the term “fatty alkenyl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates straight chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having 7 up to 40, preferably 7 up to 28, carbon atoms and containing at least one or, depending on the chain length, up to 14, preferably up to 8, olefinic double bonds. The term “alkyl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates saturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 24, preferably up to 12, carbon atoms. Similarly, the term “alkenyl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates straight chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 24, preferably up to 12, carbon atoms and containing at least one or, depending on the chain length, up to four olefinic double bonds. The term “alkylene” designates a divalent “alkyl”, e.g. —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, having 4 to 24, preferably 4 to 12, carbon atoms. Similarly, the term “alkenylene” designates a divalent “alkenyl”, e.g. —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂—, having 4 to 24, preferably 4 to 12, carbon atoms and containing at least one or, depending on the chain length, up to four olefinic double bonds. Likewise, the term “alkynylene” designates a divalent straight chain or branched hydrocarbon radical, having 4 to 24, preferably 4 to 12, carbon atoms and containing at least one or, depending on the chain length, up to four carbon-carbon triple bonds. The term “lower” designates radicals and compounds having up to 6 carbon atoms. Thus, for example, the term “lower alkyl” designates saturated, straight-chain, or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, and the like. Similarly, the term “lower cycloalkyl” designates saturated cyclic hydrocarbon radicals having up to 6 carbon atoms, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. The term “aryl” designates aromatic carbocyclic hydrocarbon radicals containing one or two six-membered rings, such as phenyl or naphthyl, which may be substituted by up to three substituents such as Br, Cl, F, CF₃, NO₂, lower alkyl or lower alkenyl. The term “heteroaryl” designates aromatic heterocyclic radicals containing one or two five- and/or six-membered rings, at least one of them containing up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N and said ring(s) being optionally substituted; representative examples of such optionally substituted heteroaryl radicals are indicated hereinabove in connection with the definition of R⁷⁷.

In a particular embodiment, the fatty alkyl and alkenyl moieties have at least 9 carbon atoms.

The β-hairpin conformation of Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) is highly relevant for the CXCR⁴ antagonizing activity of the β-hairpin mimetics of the present invention. The β-hairpin stabilizing conformational properties induced by the D-amino acid residue Xaa⁷ and the D-amino acid or N-substituted glycine residue Xaa¹⁵ play a key role not only for the selective antagonizing activity but also for the synthesis process defined hereinabove, as incorporation of aforesaid residues Xaa⁷ and Xaa¹⁵ near the beginning or near the middle of the linear protected peptide precursors enhances cyclization yields significantly.

Building blocks A1-A69 and A105 of the structural element -A-CO— belong to a class of amino acids wherein the N-terminus is a secondary amine forming part of a ring. Among the genetically encoded amino acids only proline falls into this class. The configuration of building block A1 through A69 and A105 is (D), and they can be combined with a building block —B—CO— of (L)-configuration. Thus, for example, ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro constitutes the prototype of such a combination.

It will be appreciated that building blocks -A1-CO— to -A69-CO— and A105-CO— in which A has (D)-configuration, are carrying a group R¹ at the β-position to the N-terminus. The preferred values for R¹ are H and lower alkyl with the most preferred values for R¹ being H and methyl. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art, that A1-A69 and A105 are shown in (D)-configuration which, for R¹ being H and methyl, corresponds to the (R)-configuration. Depending on the priority of other values for R¹ according to the Cahn, Ingold and Prelog rules, this configuration may also have to be expressed as (S).

In addition to R¹ building blocks -A1-CO— to -A69-CO— and A105-CO— can carry an additional substituent designated as R² to R¹⁷. This additional substituent can be H, and if it is other than H, it is preferably a small to medium-sized aliphatic or aromatic group. Examples of preferred values for R¹ to R¹⁷ are:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen or lower alkyl;     -   R² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—); —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)CHN₄R⁸     -   R³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(O)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower             alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁸⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁸⁰)₂ (where R⁸⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁸² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁸ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(O)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where             R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁰ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹³ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R²¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)COO⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower             alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where             R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favoured being             —NR²⁰CO-lower alkyl (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁶ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).

Among the building blocks A1 to A69 and A105 the following are preferred: A5, A8, A22, A25, A38, A42, A47, A50 and A105. Most preferred are building blocks of type A8′, A8″ and A8′″:

Building block A70 belongs to the class of open-chain α-substituted α-amino acids, building blocks A71 and A72 to the corresponding β-amino acid analogues and building blocks A73-A104 to the cyclic analogues of A70. Such amino acid derivatives have been shown to constrain small peptides in well defined reverse turn or U-shaped conformations (C. M. Venkatachalam, Biopolymers 1968, 6, 1425-1434; W. Kabsch, C. Sander, Biopolymers 1983, 22, 2577). Such building blocks are ideally suited for the stabilization of β-hairpin conformations in peptide loops (D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, “Novel Peptide Mimetic Building Blocks and Straties for Efficient Lead Finding”, Adv. Med. Chem. 1999, Vol. 4, 1-68; P. Balaram, “Non-standard amino acids in peptide design and protein engineering”, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1992, 2, 845-851; M. Crisma, G. Valle, C. Toniolo, S. Prasad, R. B. Rao, P. Balaram, “β-turn conformations in crystal structures of model peptides containing α,α-disubstituted amino acids”, Biopolymers 1995, 35, 1-9; V. J. Hruby, F. Al-Obeidi, W. Kazmierski, Biochem. J. 1990, 268, 249-262).

It has been shown that both enantiomers of building blocks -A70-CO— to A104-CO— in combination with a building block —B—CO— being an α-amino acid with L-configuration can efficiently stabilize and induce β-hairpin conformations (D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, “Novel Peptide Mimetic Building Blocks and Strategies for Efficient Lead Finding”, Adv. Med. Chem. 1999, Vol. 4, 1-68; D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schönholzer, K. Muller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666-1696; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, J. Daly, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, K. Muller, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 10883-10900; D. Obrecht, C. Lehmann, C. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, K. Muller, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 1567-1587; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563-580; D. Obrecht, H. Karajiannis, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 703-714).

Preferred values for R²⁰ in A70 to A104 are H or lower alkyl with methyl being most preferred. Preferred values for R¹⁸, R¹⁹ and R²¹-R²⁹ in building blocks A70 to A104 are the following:

-   -   R¹⁸ is lower alkyl.     -   R¹⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; H; or lower alkyl; or R³³             and R⁸⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(o)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸⁰ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where             R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²² is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF; lower alkyl; lower             alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S (CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favoured are             NR²⁰CO-lower alkyl (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁴ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸⁰ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favoured are             NR²⁰CO-lower alkyl (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); or, alternatively,     -   R²⁵ and R²⁶ taken together can be         -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl).     -   R²⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁸ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl;         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;             R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:             —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together             form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³:             H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or             R³³ and R^(K) taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—             (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴:             lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favored are             NR²⁰CO-lower-alkyl (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower             alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken             together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or             lower alkyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower             alkenyl);         -   —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);             or         -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl;             lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).

Among the building blocks A70 to A104 the following are preferred: A74 with R²² being H, A75, A76, A77 with R²² being H, A78 and A79.

The building block —B—CO— designates an L-amino acid residue. Preferred values for B are: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷¹)—, enantiomers of groups A5 with R² being H, A8, A22, A25, A38 with R² being H, A42, A47, and A50. Most preferred building blocks —B—CO— are

-   Ala L-Alanine -   Arg L-Arginine -   Asn L-Asparagine -   Asp L-Aspartic acid -   Cys L-Cysteine -   Gln L-Glutamine -   Glu L-Glutamic acid -   Gly Glycine -   His L-Histidine -   Ile L-Isoleucine -   Leu L-Leucine -   Lys L-Lysine -   Met L-Methionine -   Phe L-Phenylalanine -   Pro L-Proline -   Ser L-Serine -   Thr L-Threonine -   Trp L-Tryptophan -   Tyr L-Tyrosine -   Val L-Valine -   Cit L-Citrulline -   Orn L-Ornithine -   tBuA L-t-Butylalanine -   Sar Sarcosine -   t-BuG L-tert.-Butylglycine -   4AmPhe L-para-Aminophenylalanine -   3AmPhe L-meta-Aminophenylalanine -   2AmPhe L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine -   Phe (mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine -   Phe (pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine -   Phe(mNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine -   Phe(pNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine -   Phg L-Phenylglycine -   Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine -   C₄al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine -   C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine -   Nle L-Norleucine -   2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine -   1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine -   4Cl-Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine -   3Cl-Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine -   2Cl-Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine -   3,4Cl_(2—)Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine -   4F-Phe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine -   3F-Phe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine -   2F-Phe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine -   Tic L-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid -   Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine -   Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine -   Mso L-Methionine sulfoxide -   AcLys L-N-Acetyllysine -   Dpr L-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid -   Dab L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid -   Dbu (2S,3S)-2,3-Diaminobutyric acid -   Abu γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) -   Aha ε-Aminohexanoic acid -   Aib α-Aminoisobutyric acid -   Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine -   Bip L-Biphenylalanine -   S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine -   T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine -   hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine -   hCys L-Homo-cysteine -   hSer L-Homo-serine -   hArg L-Homo-arginine -   hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine -   Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine -   Pip L-Pipecolic acid -   OctG L-Octylglycine -   MePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine -   MeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine -   MeAla L-N-Methylalanine -   MeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine -   MeVal L-N-Methyaline -   MeLeu L-N-Methylleucine -   4Hyp1 (4S)-L-Hydroxyproline -   4Hyp2 (4R)-L-Hydroxyproline -   4 Mp1 (4S)-L-Mercaptoproline -   4 Mp2 (4R)-L-Mercaptoproline -   Oic (3aS,7aS)-L-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid

In addition, the most preferred values for B also include groups of type A8″″ of (L)-configuration:

wherein R²⁰ is H or lower alkyl and R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; —[(CH₂), —X]_(t)—CH₃ (where X is —O—; —NR²⁰—, or —S—; u=1-3, and t=1-6), aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; especially those wherein R⁶⁴ is n-hexyl (A8″-21); n-heptyl (A8″-22); 4-(phenyl)benzyl (A8″-23); diphenylmethyl (A8″-24); 3-amino-propyl (A8″-25); 5-amino-pentyl (A8″-26); methyl (A8″-27); ethyl (A8″-28); isopropyl (A8″-29); isobutyl (A8″-30); n-propyl (A8″-31); cyclohexyl (A8″-32); cyclohexyl-methyl (A8″-33); n-butyl (A8″-34); phenyl (A8″-35); benzyl (A8″-36); (3-indolyl)methyl (A8″-37); 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl (A8″-38); (4-phenyl)-phenyl (A8″-39); n-nonyl (A8″-40); CH₃—OCH₂CH₂—OCH₂— (A8″-41) and CH₃—(OCH₂CH₂)₂—OCH₂— (A8′-42).

Besides the structural element —B—CO— the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the present invention can comprise the structural element -A-CO— and amino acid residues belonging to one of the following groups:

-   -   Group C —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)CO—; “hydrophobic: small to medium-sized”     -   Group D —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)CO—; “hydrophobic: large aromatic or         heteroaromatic”     -   Group E —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)CO—; “polar-cationic” and “urea-derived”     -   Group F —NR²⁰CH(R⁹⁴)CO—; “polar-non-charged or anionic”     -   Group H —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)₄₋₇—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)SS(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CO(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR²⁰(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         “interstrand linkage”     -   Group I —NR⁸⁶CH₂CO—; “N-substituted glycines”     -   Group O —NR²⁰CHR⁸⁷CO—; “amino acid residue bearing a lipophilic         moiety”

Group C comprises amino acid residues with small to medium-sized hydrophobic side chain groups according to the general definition for substituent R⁷². A hydrophobic residue refers to an amino acid side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH and that is repelled by aqueous solution. Furthermore these side chains generally do not contain hydrogen bond donor groups, such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas. However, they may contain hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as ethers, thioethers, esters, tertiary amides, alkyl- or aryl phosphonates and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded small-to-medium-sized hydrophobic amino acids include alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine and valine.

Group D comprises amino acid residues with aromatic and heteroaromatic side chain groups according to the general definition for substituent R⁷³. An aromatic amino acid residue refers to a hydrophobic amino acid having a side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-electron system (aromatic group). In addition they may contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas, and hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, alkyl—or aryl phosphonates—and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded aromatic amino acids include phenylalanine and tyrosine.

A heteroaromatic amino acid residue refers to a hydrophobic amino acid having a side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-system incorporating at least one heteroatom such as (but not limited to) O, S and N according to the general definition for substituent R⁷⁷. In addition such residues may contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas, and hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, alkyl—or aryl phosphonates—and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded heteroaromatic amino acids include tryptophan and histidine.

Group E comprises amino acids containing side chains with polar-cationic, acylamino- and urea-derived residues according to the general definition for substituent R⁷⁴. Polar-cationic refers to a basic side chain which is protonated at physiological pH. Genetically encoded polar-cationic amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine. Citrulline is an example for an urea derived amino acid residue.

Group F comprises amino acids containing side chains with polar-non-charged or anionic residues according to the general definition for substituent R⁸⁴. A polar-non-charged or anionic residue refers to a hydrophilic side chain that is uncharged and, respectively anionic at physiological pH (carboxylic acids being included), but that is not repelled by aqueous solutions. Such side chains typically contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, carboxyclic acids and esters, primary and secondary amines, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas. These groups can form hydrogen bond networks with water molecules. In addition they may also contain hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, carboxylic acids and carboxylates, alkyl—or aryl phosphonates—and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded polar-non-charged amino acids include asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, serine and threonine, but also aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

Group H comprises side chains of preferably (L)-amino acids at opposite positions of the β-strand region that can form an interstrand linkage. Various methods are known to form interstrand linkages including those described by: J. P. Tam et al., Synthesis 1979, 955-957; Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2d Ed., Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, III, 1984; Ahmed et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1975, 250, 8477-8482; and Pennington et al., Peptides, pages 164-166, Giralt and Andreu, Eds., ESCOM Leiden, The Netherlands, 1990; C. E. Schafineister et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 5891. The most widely known linkage is the disulfide bridge formed by cysteines and homo-cysteines positioned at opposite positions of the β-strand. Preferrably, for the scope of the present invention, disulfide linkages can be prepared using acetamidomethyl (Acm)-protective groups for cysteine. Another well established interstrand linkage consists in linking ornithines and lysines, respectively, with glutamic and aspartic acid residues located at opposite β-strand positions by means of an amide bond formation. Preferred protective groups for the side chain amino-groups of ornithine and lysine are allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc) and allylesters for aspartic and glutamic acid. Finally, interstrand linkages can also be established by linking the amino groups of lysine and ornithine located at opposite β-strand positions with reagents such as N,N-carbonylimidazole to form cyclic ureas.

Group I comprises glycine having the amino group substituted by chains containing polar-cationic, hydrophobic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, polar-non-charged or anionic residues according to the general definition for substituent R⁸⁶. Polar-cationic refers to a basic side chain which is protonated at physiological pH. A hydrophobic residue refers to an amino acid side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH and that is repelled by aqueous solution. Aromatic refers to a hydrophobic side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-electron system (aromatic group). Heteroaromatic refers to a hydrophobic side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-system incorporating at least one heteroatom. A polar-non-charged or anionic residue refers to a hydrophilic side chain that is uncharged and, respectively anionic at physiological pH (carboxylic acids being included), but that is not repelled by aqueous solutions.

Group O comprises amino acids containing side chains according to the general definition for substituent R⁸⁷. This substituent comprises polar-cationic, hydrophobic, aromatic, heteroaromatic, or polar-non-charged residues, additionally conjugated with one of the substituents R⁸⁸, R⁸⁹ or R⁹¹ according to the general definition for R⁸⁸, R⁸⁹ and R⁹¹, being or containing a lipophilic moiety according to the general definition for lipophilic moiety causing protracted plasma profiles in vitro and in vivo of β-hairpin peptidomimetics. Polar-cationic refers to a basic side chain which is protonated at physiological pH. A hydrophobic residue refers to an amino acid side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH and that is repelled by aqueous solution. Aromatic refers to a hydrophobic side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-electron system (aromatic group). Heteroaromatic refers to a hydrophobic side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-system incorporating at least one heteroatom. A polar-non-charged residue refers to a hydrophilic side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH, but that is not repelled by aqueous solutions.

As mentioned earlier, Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹ of Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) are amino acid residues which, taken together, form an interstrand linkage. Such an interstrand linkage is known to stabilize the β-hairpin conformations and thus constitute an important structural element for the design of β-hairpin mimetics.

Most preferred amino acid residues in Cyclo(-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-), are those derived from natural α-amino acids. Hereinafter follows a list of amino acids which, or the residues of which, are suitable for the purposes of the present invention, the abbreviations corresponding to generally adopted usual practice:

three letter code one letter code Ala L-Alanine A ^(D)Ala D-Alanine ^(D)A Arg L-Arginine R ^(D)Arg D-Arginine ^(D)R Asn L-Asparagine N ^(D)Asn D-Asparagine ^(D)N Asp L-Aspartic acid D ^(D)Asp D-Aspartic acid ^(D)D Cys L-Cysteine C ^(D)Cys D-Cysteine ^(D)C Glu L-Glutamic acid E ^(D)Glu D-Glutamic acid ^(D)E Gln L-Glutamine Q ^(D)Gln D-Glutamine ^(D)Q Gly Glycine G His L-Histidine H ^(D)His D-Histidine ^(D)H Ile L-Isoleucine I ^(D)Ile D-Isoleucine ^(D)I Leu L-Leucine L ^(D)Leu D-Leucine ^(D)L Lys L-Lysine K ^(D)Lys D-Lysine ^(D)K Met L-Methionine M ^(D)Met D-Methionine ^(D)M Phe L-Phenylalanine F ^(D)Phe D-Phenylalanine ^(D)F Pro L-Proline P ^(D)Pro D-Proline ^(D)P Ser L-Serine S ^(D)Ser D-Serine ^(D)S Thr L-Threonine T ^(D)Thr D-Threonine ^(D)T Trp L-Tryptophan W ^(D)Trp D-Tryptophan ^(D)W Tyr L-Tyrosine Y ^(D)Tyr D-Tyrosine ^(D)Y Val L-Valine V ^(D)Val D-Valine ^(D)V

Other α-amino acids which, or the residues of which, are suitable for the purposes of the present invention include:

-   Cit L-Citrulline -   ^(D)Cit D-Citrulline -   Orn L-Ornithine -   ^(D)Orn D-Ornithine -   tBuA L-t-Butylalanine -   ^(D)tBuA D-t-Butylalanine -   Sar Sarcosine -   Pen L-Penicillamine -   ^(D)Pen D-Penicillamine -   tBuG L-tert.-Butylglycine -   ^(D)tBuG D-tert.-Butylglycine -   4AmPhe L-para-Aminophenylalanine -   ^(D)4AmPhe D-para-Aminophenylalanine -   3AmPhe L-meta-Aminophenylalanine -   ^(D)3AmPhe D-meta-Aminophenylalanine -   2AmPhe L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine -   ^(D)2AmPhe D-ortho-Aminophenylalanine -   Phe(mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe (mC(NH₂)═NH) D-meta-Amidinophenylalanine -   Phe (pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe (pC(NH₂)═NH) D-para-Amidinophenylalanine -   Phe(mNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe(mNHC(NH₂)═NH) D-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine -   Phe(pNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe(pNHC(NH₂)═NH) D-para-Guanidinophenylalanine -   2Pal (2S)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-2′-yl)-propionic acid -   ^(D)2Pal (2R)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-2′-yl)-propionic acid -   4Pal (2S)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-4′-yl)-propionic acid -   ^(D)4Pal (2R)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-4′-yl)-propionic acid -   Phg L-Phenylglycine -   ^(D)Phg D-Phenylglycine -   Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine -   ^(D)Cha D-Cyclohexylalanine -   C₄al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine -   ^(D)C₄al D-3-Cyclobutylalanine -   C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine -   ^(D)C₅al D-3-Cyclopentylalanine -   Nle L-Norleucine -   ^(D)Nle D-Norleucine -   2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine -   ^(D)2Nal D-2-Naphthylalanine -   1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine -   ^(D)1Nal D-1-Naphthylalanine -   4Cl Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine -   ^(D)4Cl Phe D-4-Chlorophenylalanine -   3Cl Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine -   ^(D)3Cl Phe D-3-Chlorophenylalanine -   2Cl Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine -   ^(D)2Cl Phe D-2-Chlorophenylalanine -   3,4Cl₂Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine -   ^(D)3,4Cl₂Phe D-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine -   4FPhe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine -   ^(D)4FPhe D-4-Fluorophenylalanine -   3FPhe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine -   ^(D)3FPhe D-3-Fluorophenylalanine -   2FPhe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine -   ^(D)2FPhe D-2-Fluorophenylalanine -   Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine -   ^(D)Thi D-β-2-Thienylalanine -   Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine -   ^(D)Tza D-2-Thiazolylalanine -   Mso L-Methionine sulfoxide -   ^(D)Mso D-Methionine sulfoxide -   AcLys N-Acetyllysine -   ^(D)AcLys N-Acetyl-D-lysine -   Dpr 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid -   ^(D)Dpr D-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid -   Dab 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid -   ^(D)Dab(2R)-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid -   Dbu (2S)-2,3-Diamino-butyric acid -   ^(D)Dbu (2R)-2,3-Diamino-butyric acid -   Abu γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) -   Aha ε-Aminohexanoic acid -   Aib α-Aminoisobutyric acid -   Cyp 1-Aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid -   Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine -   ^(D)Y(Bzl) D-O-Benzyltyrosine -   H(Bzl) (3S)-2-Amino-3-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′-yl)-propionic acid -   ^(D)H(Bzl) (3R)-2-Amino-3-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′-yl)-propionic acid -   Bip L-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine -   ^(D)Bip D-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine -   S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine -   ^(D)S(Bzl) D-O-Benzylserine -   T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine -   ^(D)T(Bzl) D-O-Benzylthreonine -   alloT (2S,3S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-butyric acid -   ^(D)alloT (2R,3S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-butyric acid -   Leu3OH (2S,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanoic acid -   ^(D)Leu3OH (2R,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanoic acid -   hAla L-Homo-alanine -   ^(D)hAla D-Homo-alanine -   hArg L-Homo-arginine -   ^(D)hArg D-Homo-arginine -   hCys L-Homo-cysteine -   ^(D)hCys D-Homo-cysteine -   hGlu L-Homo-glutamic acid -   ^(D)hGlu D-glutamic acid -   hGln L-Homo-glutamine -   ^(D)hGln D-Homo-glutamine -   hHis L-Homo-histidine -   ^(D)hHis D-Homo-histidine -   hIle L-Homo-isoleucine -   ^(D)hIle D-Homo-isoleucine -   hLeu L-Homo-leucine -   ^(D)hLeu D-Homo-leucine -   hNle L-Homo-norleucine -   ^(D)hNle D-Homo-norleucine -   hLys L-Homo-lysine -   ^(D)hLys D-Homo-lysine -   hMet L-Homo-Methionine -   ^(D)hMet D-Homo-Methionine -   hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine -   ^(D)hPhe D-Homo-phenylalanine -   hSer L-Homo-serine -   ^(D)hSer D-Homo-serine -   hThr L-Homo-threonine -   ^(D)hThr D-Homo-threonine -   hTrp L-Homo-tryptophan -   ^(D)hTrp D-Homo-tryptophan -   hTyr L-Homo-tyrosine -   ^(D)hTyr D-Homo-tyrosine -   hVal L-Homo-valine -   ^(D)hVal D-Homo-valine -   hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine -   ^(D)hCha D-Homo-cyclohexylalanine -   Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine -   ^(D)Bpa D-4-Benzoylphenylalanin -   Tic (3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)Tic (3R)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid -   Tiq (1S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)Tiq (1R)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid -   Oic (2S,3aS,7aS)-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)Oic (2R,3aS,7aS)-1-Octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid -   4AmPyrr1 (2S,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1 (2R,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4AmPyrr2 (2S,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2 (2R,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4PhePyrr1 (2S,4R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4PhePyrr1 (2R,4R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4PhePyrr2 (2S,4S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4PhePyrr2 (2R,4S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   5PhePyrr1 (2S,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid     ^(D)5PhePyrr1 (2R,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

5PhePyrr2 (2S,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

-   ^(D)5PhePyrr2 (2R,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4Hyp1 (4S)-L-Hydroxyproline -   ^(D)4Hyp1 (4S)-D-Hydroxyproline -   4Hyp2 (4R)-L-Hydroxyproline -   ^(D)4Hyp2 (4R)-D-Hydroxyproline -   4 Mp1 (4S)-L-Mercaptoproline -   ^(D)4 Mp1 (4S)-D-Mercaptoproline -   4 Mp2 (4R)-L-Mercaptoproline -   ^(D)4 Mp2 (4R)-D-Mercaptoproline -   Pip L-Pipecolic acid -   ^(D)Pip D-Pipecolic acid -   (AEt)G N-(2-Aminoethyl)glycine -   (APr)G N-(3-Amino-n-propyl)glycine -   (ABu)G N-(4-Amino-n-butyl)glycine -   (APe)G N-(5-Amino-n-pentyl)glycine -   (GuEt)G N-(2-Guanidinoethyl)glycine -   (GuPr)G N-(3-Guanidino-n-propyl)glycine -   (GuBu)G N-(4-Guanidino-n-butyl)glycine -   (GuPe)G N-(5-Guanidino-n-pentyl)glycine -   (PEG₃—NH₂)G N—[H₂N—(CH₂)₃—(OCH₂—CH₂)₂ ⁻⁰(CH₂)₃]glycine -   (Me)G N-Methylglycine -   (Et)G N-Ethylglycine -   (Bu)G N-Butylglycine -   (Pe)G N-Pentylglycine -   (Ip)G N-Isopropylglycine -   (2MePr)G N-(2-Methylpropyl)glycine -   (3MeBu)G N-(3-Methylbutyl)glycine -   (1MePr)G (1S)—N-(1-Methylpropyl)glycine -   (2MeBu)G (2S)—N-(2-Methylbutyl)glycine -   (MthEt)G N-(Methylthioethyl)glycine -   (MthPr)G N-(Methylthiopropyl)glycine -   (Ben)G N-(Benzyl)glycine -   (PhEt)G N-(2-Phenylethyl)glycine -   (HphMe)G N-([4′-hydroxyphenyl]methyl)glycine -   (HphEt)G N-(2-[4′-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl)glycine -   (ImMe)G N-(Imidazol-5-yl-methyl)glycine -   (ImEt)G N-(2-(Imidazol-5′-yl)ethyl)glycine -   (InMe)G N-(Indol-2-yl-methyl)glycine -   (InEt)G N-(2-(Indol-2′-yl)ethyl)glycine -   (CboMe)G N-(Carboxymethyl)glycine -   (CboEt)G N-(2-Carboxyethyl)glycine -   (CboPr)G N-(3-Carboxypropyl)glycine -   (CbaMe)G N-(Carbamoylmethyl)glycine -   (CbaEt)G N-(2-Carbamoylethyl)glycine -   (CbaPr)G N-(3-Carbamoylpropyl)glycine -   (HyEt)G N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)glycine -   (HyPr)G (2R)—N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)glycine -   (Mcet)G N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)glycine -   NMeGly N-Methylglycine -   NMeAla L-N-Methylalanine -   NMe^(D)Ala D-N-Methylalanine -   NMeVal L-N-Methylvaline -   NMe^(D)Val D-N-Methylvaline -   NMeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine -   NMe^(D)Ile D-N-Methylisoleucine -   NMeLeu L-N-Methylleucine -   NMe^(D)Leu D-N-Methylleucine -   NMeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine -   NMe^(D)Nle D-N-Methylnorleucine -   NMeMet L-N-Methylmethionine -   NMe^(D)Met D-N-Methylmethionine -   NMeTyr L-N-Methyltyrosine -   NMe^(D)Tyr D-N-Methyltyrosine -   NMeHis L-N-Methylhistidine -   NMe^(D)His D-N-Methylhistidine -   NMePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine -   NMe^(D)Phe D-N-Methylphenylalanine -   NMeTrp L-N-Methyltryptophane -   NMe^(D)Trp D-N-Methyltryptophane -   NMeSer L-N-Methylserine -   NMe^(D)Ser D-N-Methylserine -   NMeAsp L-N-Methylaspartic acid -   NMe^(D)Asp D-N-Methylaspartic acid -   NMeGlu L-N-Methylglutamic acid -   NMe^(D)Glu D-N-Methylglutamic acid -   NMeLys L-N-Methyllysine -   NMe^(D)Lys D-N-Methyllysine -   NMeArg L-N-Methylarginine -   NMe^(D)Arg D-N-Methylarginine -   NMeDab L-N-Methyl-2,4-diamino butyric acid -   NMe^(D)Dab D-N-Methyl-2,4-diamino butyric acid -   NMeCys L-N-Methylcysteine -   NMe^(D)Cys D-N-Methylcysteine -   NMeAsn L-N-Methylasparagine -   NMe^(D)Asn D-N-Methylasparagine -   NMeGln L-N-Methylglutamine -   NMe^(D)Gln D-N-Methylglutamine -   NMeThr L-N-Methylthreonine -   NMe^(D)Thr D-N-Methylthreonine -   Tyr(Oo) Tyr(O-octyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Oo) D-Tyr(O-octyl) -   Tyr(Od) Tyr(O-decyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Od) D-Tyr(O-decyl) -   Tyr(Odd) Tyr(O-dodecyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Odd) D-Tyr(O-dodecyl) -   Tyr(Otd) Tyr(O-tetradecyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Otd) D-Tyr(O-tetradecyl) -   Tyr(Ohd) Tyr(O-hexadecyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Ohd) D-Tyr(O-hexadecyl) -   2Amdd-OH 2-Aminododecanoic acid -   ^(D)2Amdd-OH D-2-Aminododecanoic acid -   2Amtd-OH 2-Aminotetradecanoic acid -   ^(D)2Amtd-OH D-2-Aminotetradecanoic acid -   2Amhd-OH 2-Aminohexadecanoic acid -   ^(D)2Amhd-OH D-2-Aminohexadecanoic acid -   Dab(N^(γ)o) Dab(N^(γ)-octanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)o) D-Dab(N^(γ)-octanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)2bo) Dab(N^(γ)2-butyloctanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)2bo) D-Dab(N^(γ)2-butyloctanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)d) Dab(N^(γ)-decanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)d) D-Dab(N^(γ)-decanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)dd) Dab(N^(γ)-dodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)dd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-dodecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)td) Dab(N^(γ)-tetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)td) D-Dab(N^(γ)-tetradecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)hd) Dab(N^(γ)-hexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)hd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-hexadecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)o) Lys(N^(ε)-octanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)o) D-Lys(N^(ε)-octanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)2bo) Lys(N^(ε)2-butyloctanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)2bo) D-Lys(N^(ε)2-butyloctanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)d) Lys(N^(ε)-decanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)d) D-Lys(N^(ε)-decanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)dd) Lys(N^(ε)-dodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)dd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-dodecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)td) Lys(N^(ε)-tetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)td) D-Lys(N^(ε)-tetradecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(γ)hd) Lys(N^(γ)-hexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(γ)hd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-hexadecanoyl) -   Lys((N^(ε)od) Lys(N^(ε)-octadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys((N^(ε)od) D-Lys(N^(ε)-octadecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)8amo) Dab(N^(γ)-8-aminooctanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)8amo) D-Dab(N^(γ)-8-aminooctanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)10amd) Dab(N^(γ)-10-aminodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)10amd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-10-aminodecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)12amdd) Dab(N^(γ)-12-aminododecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)12amdd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-12-aminododecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)14amtd) Dab(N^(γ)-14-aminotetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)14amtd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-14-aminotetradecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)16amhd) Dab(N^(γ)-16-aminohexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)16amhd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-16-aminohexadecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)8amo) Lys(N^(ε)-8-aminooctanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)8amo) D-Lys(N^(ε)-8-aminooctanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)10amd) Lys(N^(γ)-10-aminodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)10amd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-10-aminodecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)12amdd) Lys(N^(ε)-12-aminododecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)12amdd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-12-aminododecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)14amtd) Lys(N^(ε)-14-aminotetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)14amtd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-14-aminotetradecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)16amhd) Lys(N^(ε)-16-aminohexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)16amhd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-16-aminohexadecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)8OHo) Dab(N^(γ)-8-hydroxyoctanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)8OHo) D-Dab(N^(γ)-8-hydroxyoctanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)10OHd) Dab(N^(γ)-10-hydroxydecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)10OHd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-10-hydroxydecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)12OHdd) Dab(N^(γ)-12-hydroxydodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)12OHdd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-12-hydroxydodecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)14OHtd) Dab(N^(γ)-14-hydroxytetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)14OHtd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-14-hydroxytetradecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)16OHhd) Dab(N^(γ)-16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)16OHhd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)8OHo) Lys(N^(ε)-8-hydroxyoctanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)8OHo) D-Lys(N^(ε)-8-hydroxyoctanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)10OHd) Lys(N^(ε)-10-hydroxydecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)10OHd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-10-hydroxydecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)12OHdd) Lys(N^(ε)-12-hydroxydodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)12OHdd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-12-hydroxydodecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)14OHtd) Lys(N^(ε)-14-hydroxytetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)14OHtd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-14-hydroxytetradecanoyl) -   Lys(N⁶⁸ 16OHhd) Lys(N^(ε)-16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(γ)16OHhd) D-Lys(N^(γ)-16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4ooxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-octyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4ooxbe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-octyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4doxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-decyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4doxbe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-decyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4ddoxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-dodecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4ddoxe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-dodecyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4tdoxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-tetradecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4tdoxe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-tetradecyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4hdoxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-hexadecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4hdoxe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-hexadecyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4ooxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-octyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4ooxbe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-octyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4doxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-decyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4doxbe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-decyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4ddoxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-dodecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4ddoxe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-dodecyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4tdoxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-tetradecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4tdoxe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-tetradecyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4hdoxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-hexadecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4hdoxe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-hexadecyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)glcho) Dab(N^(γ)-glycocholoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)glcho) D-Dab(N^(γ)-glycocholoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)glcho) Lys(N^(ε)-glycocholoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)glcho) D-Lys(N^(ε)-glycocholoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)ado) Dab(N^(γ)-adamantoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)ado) D-Dab(N^(γ)-adamantoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)ado) Lys(N^(ε)-adamantoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)ado) D-Lys(N^(ε)-adamantoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)o) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-octanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)o) D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-octanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)2bo)     Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-2-butyloctanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)2bo)     D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-2-butyloctanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)d) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-decanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)d) D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-decanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)dd) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-dodecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)dd)     D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-dodecanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)td) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-tetradecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)td)     D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-tetradecanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)hd) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-hexadecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)hd)     D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-hexadecanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)ygluN^(α)o) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-octanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)ygluN^(α)o) D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-octanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)ygluN^(α)2bo)     Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-2-butyloctanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)ygluN^(α)2bo)     D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-2-butyloctanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)ygluN^(α)d) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-decanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)ygluN^(α)d) D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-decanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-dodecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd)     D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-dodecanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)td) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-tetradecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)td)     D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-tetradecanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)hd) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-hexadecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)hd)     D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-hexadecanoyl))) -   Arg(N^(ω)ooxca) Arg(N^(ω)-octyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)ooxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-octyloxycarbonyl) -   Arg(N^(ω)doxca) Arg(N^(ω)-decyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)doxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-decyloxycarbonyl) -   Arg(N^(ω)ddoxca) Arg(N^(ω)-dodecyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(^(ω)ddoxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-dodecyloxycarbonyl) -   Arg(N^(ω)tdoxca) Arg(N^(ω)-tetradecyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)tdoxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-tetradecyloxycarbonyl) -   Arg(N^(ω)hdoxca) Arg(N^(ω)-hexadecyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)hdoxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-hexadecyloxycarbonyl) -   Gln(N^(ω)ad) Gln(N^(ω)-adamantyl) -   ^(D)Gln(N^(ω)ad) D-Gln(N^(ω)-adamantyl) -   Ser(Oo) Ser(O-octyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Oo) D-Ser(O-octyl) -   Ser(Od) Ser(O-decyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Od) D-Ser(O-decyl) -   Ser(Odd) Ser(O-dodecyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Odd) D-Ser(O-dodecyl) -   Ser(Otd) Ser(O-tetradecyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Otd) D-Ser(O-tetradecyl) -   Ser(Ohd) Ser(O-hexadecyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Ohd) D-Ser(O-hexadecyl) -   4AmPyrr1(o) (2S,4S)-4-Octanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(o) (2R,4S)-4-Octanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr1(d) (2S,4S)-4-Decanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(d) (2R,4S)-4-Decanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr1(dd) (2S,4S)-4-Dodecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(dd) (2R,4S)-4-Dodecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr1(td) (2S,4S)-4-Tetradecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(td)     (2R,4S)-4-Tetradecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4AmPyrr1(hd) (2S,4S)-4-Hexadecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(hd)     (2R,4S)-4-Hexadecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4AmPyrr2(o) (2S,4R)-4-Octanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(o) (2R,4R)-4-Octanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr2(d) (2S,4R)-4-Decanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(d) (2R,4R)-4-Decanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr2(dd) (2S,4R)-4-Dodecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(dd) (2R,4R)-4-Dodecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr2(td) (2S,4R)-4-Tetradecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(td)     (2R,4R)-4-Tetradecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4AmPyrr2(hd) (2S,4R)-4-Hexadecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(hd)     (2R,4R)-4-Hexadecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

Particularly preferred residues for group C are:

-   Ala L-Alanine -   ^(D)Ala D-Alanine -   Ile L-Isoleucine -   ^(D)Ile D-Isoleucine -   Leu L-Leucine -   ^(D)Leu D-Leucine -   Met L-Methionine -   ^(D)Met D-Methionine -   Val L-Valine -   ^(D)Val D-Valine -   tBuA L-t-Butylalanine -   ^(D)tBuA D-t-Butylalanine -   tBuG L-tert.-Butylglycine -   ^(D)tBuG D-tert.-Butylglycine -   Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine -   ^(D)Cha D-Cyclohexylalanine -   C₅al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine -   ^(D)C₄al D-3-Cyclobutylalanine -   C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine -   ^(D)C₅al D-3-Cyclopentylalanine -   Nle L-Norleucine -   ^(D)Nle D-Norleucine -   hAla L-Homo-alanine -   ^(D)hAla D-Homo-alanine -   hIle L-Homo-isoleucine -   ^(D)hIle D-Homo-isoleucine -   hLeu L-Homo-leucine -   ^(D)hLeu D-Homo-leucine -   hMet L-Homo-Methionine -   ^(D)hMet D-Homo-Methionine -   hVal L-Homo-valine -   ^(D)hVal D-Homo-valine -   hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine -   ^(D)hCha D-Homo-cyclohexylalanine -   NMeAla L-N-Methylalanine -   NMe^(D)Ala D-N-Methylalanine -   NMeVal L-N-Methylvaline -   NMe^(D)Val D-N-Methylvaline -   NMeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine -   NMe^(D)Ile D-N-Methylisoleucine -   NMeLeu L-N-Methylleucine -   NMe^(D)Leu D-N-Methylleucine -   NMeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine -   NMe^(D)Nle D-N-Methylnorleucine -   NMeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine -   NMe^(D)Nle D-N-Methylnorleucine -   NMeMet L-N-Methylmethionine -   NMe^(D)Met D-N-Methylmethionine

Particularly preferred residues for group D are:

-   His L-Histidine -   ^(D)His D-Histidine -   Phe L-Phenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe D-Phenylalanine -   Trp L-Tryptophan -   ^(D)Trp D-Tryptophan -   Tyr L-Tyrosine -   ^(D)Tyr D-Tyrosine -   2Pal (2S)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-2′-yl)-propionic acid -   ^(D)2Pal (2R)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-2′-yl)-propionic acid -   4Pal (2S)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-4′-yl)-propionic acid -   ^(D)4Pal (2R)-2-Amino-3-(pyridine-4′-yl)-propionic acid -   Phg L-Phenylglycine -   ^(D)Phg D-Phenylglycine -   2Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine -   ^(D)2Nal D-2-Naphthylalanine -   1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine -   ^(D)1Nal D-1-Naphthylalanine -   4Cl Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine -   ^(D)4Cl Phe D-4-Chlorophenylalanine -   3Cl Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine -   ^(D)3Cl Phe D-3-Chlorophenylalanine -   2Cl Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine -   ^(D)2Cl Phe D-2-Chlorophenylalanine -   3,4Cl₂Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine -   ^(D)3,4Cl₂Phe D-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine -   4FPhe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine -   ^(D)4FPhe D-4-Fluorophenylalanine -   3FPhe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine -   ^(D)3FPhe D-3-Fluorophenylalanine -   2FPhe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine -   ^(D)2FPhe D-2-Fluorophenylalanine -   Thi L-13-2-Thienylalanine -   ^(D)Thi D-13-2-Thienylalanine -   Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine -   ^(D)Tza D-2-Thiazolylalanine -   Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine -   ^(D)Y(Bzl) D-O-Benzyltyrosine -   H(Bzl) (3S)-2-Amino-3-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′-yl)-propionic acid -   ^(D)H(Bzl) (3R)-2-Amino-3-(1′-benzylimidazole-4′-yl)-propionic acid -   Bip L-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine -   ^(D)Bip D-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine -   S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine -   ^(D)S(Bzl) D-O-Benzylserine -   T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine -   ^(D)T(Bzl) D-O-Benzylthreonine -   hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine -   ^(D)hPhe D-Homo-phenylalanine -   hTrp L-Homo-tryptophan -   ^(D)hTrp D-Homo-tryptophan -   hTyr L-Homo-tyrosine -   ^(D)hTyr D-Homo-tyrosine -   hHis L-Homo-histidine -   ^(D)hHis D-Homo-histidine -   Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine -   ^(D)Bpa D-4-Benzoylphenylalanine -   NMePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine -   NMe^(D)Phe D-N-Methylphenylalanine -   NMeTyr L-N-Methyltyrosine -   NMe^(D)Tyr D-N-Methyltyrosine -   NMeHis L-N-Methylhistidine -   NMe^(c)His D-N-Methylhistidine -   NMeTrp L-N-Methyltryptophane -   NMe^(D)Trp D-N-Methyltryptophane

Particularly preferred residues for group E are

-   Arg L-Arginine -   ^(D)Arg D-Arginine -   Lys L-Lysine -   ^(D)Lys D-Lysine -   Orn L-Ornithine -   ^(D)Orn D-Ornithine -   Dpr L-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid -   ^(D)Dpr D-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid -   Dab L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid -   ^(D)Dab(2R)-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid -   Dbu (2S,3S)-2,3-Diaminobutyric acid -   ^(D)Dbu (2R)-2,3-Diamino-butyric acid -   Cit L-Citrulline -   ^(D)Cit D-Citrulline -   4AmPhe L-para-Aminophenylalanine -   ^(D)4AmPhe D-para-Aminophenylalanine -   3AmPhe L-meta-Aminophenylalanine -   ^(D)3AmPne D-meta-Aminophenylalanine -   2AmPhe L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine -   ^(D)2AmPhe D-ortho-Aminophenylalanine -   Phe (mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe (mC(NH₂)═NH) D-meta-Amidinophenylalanine -   Phe (pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe (pC(NH₂)═NH) D-para-Amidinophenylalanine -   Phe(mNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe (mNHC(NH₂)═NH) D-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine -   Phe(pNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine -   ^(D)Phe(pNHC(NH₂)═NH) D-para-Guanidinophenylalanine -   hArg L-Homo-arginine -   ^(D)hArg D-Homo-arginine -   hLys L-Homo-lysine -   ^(D)hLys D-Homo-lysine -   NMeLys L-N-Methyllysine -   NMe^(D)Lys D-N-Methyllysine -   NMeArg L-N-Methylarginine -   NMe^(D)Arg D-N-Methylarginine -   NMeDab L-N-Methyl-2,4-diamino butyric acid -   NMe^(D)Dab D-N-Methyl-2,4-diamino butyric acid

Particularly preferred residues for group F are

-   Asn L-Asparagine -   ^(D)Asn D-Asparagine -   Asp L-Aspartic acid -   ^(D)Asp D-Aspartic acid -   Cys L-Cysteine -   ^(D)Cys D-Cysteine -   Gln L-Glutamine -   ^(D)Gln D-Glutamine -   Glu L-Glutamic acid -   ^(D)Glu D-Glutamic acid -   Ser L-Serine -   ^(D)Ser D-Serine -   Thr L-Threonine -   ^(D)Thr D-Threonine -   Pen L-Penicillamine -   ^(D)Pen D-Penicillamine -   AcLys L-N′-Acetyllysine -   ^(D)AcLys N-Acetyl-D-lysine -   alloT (2S,3S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-butyric acid -   ^(D)alloT (2R,3S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-butyric acid -   Leu3OH (2S,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanoic acid -   ^(D)Leu3OH (2R,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentanoic acid -   hCys L-Homo-cysteine -   ^(D)hCys D-Homo-cysteine -   hSer L-Homo-serine -   ^(D)hSer D-Homo-serine -   hGlu L-Homo-glutamic acid -   ^(D)hGlu D-glutamic acid -   hGln L-Homo-glutamine -   ^(D)hGln D-Homo-glutamine -   hThr L-Homo-threonine -   ^(D)hThr D-Homo-threonine -   NMeSer L-N-Methylserine -   NMe^(D)Ser D-N-Methylserine -   NMeAsp L-N-Methylaspartic acid -   NMe^(D)Asp D-N-Methylaspartic acid -   NMeGlu L-N-Methylglutamic acid -   NMe^(D)Glu D-N-Methylglutamic acid -   NMeCys L-N-Methylcysteine -   NMe^(D)Cys D-N-Methylcysteine -   NMeAsn L-N-Methylasparagine -   NMe^(D)Asn D-N-Methylasparagine -   NMeGln L-N-Methylglutamine -   NMe^(D)Gln D-N-Methylglutamine -   NMeThr L-N-Methylthreonine -   NMe^(D)Thr D-N-Methylthreonine

Particularly preferred residues for group I are

-   (AEt)G N-(2-Aminoethyl)glycine -   (APr)G N-(3-Amino-n-propyl)glycine -   (ABu)G N-(4-Amino-n-butyl)glycine -   (APe)G N-(5-Amino-n-pentyl)glycine -   (GuEt)G N-(2-Guanidinoethyl)glycine -   (GuPr)G N-(3-Guanidino-n-propyl)glycine -   (GuBu)G N-(4-Guanidino-n-butyl)glycine -   (GuPe)G N-(5-Guanidino-n-pentyl)glycine -   (PEG₃—NH₂)G N—[H₂N—(CH₂)₃—(OCH₂—CH₂)₂—O(CH₂)₃]glycine -   (Me)G N-Methylglycine -   (Et)G N-Ethylglycine -   (Bu)G N-Butylglycine -   (Pe)G N-Pentylglycine -   (Ip)G N-Isopropylglycine -   (2MePr)G N-(2-Methylpropyl) glycine -   (3MeBu)G N-(3-Methylbutyl)glycine -   (1MePr)G (1S)—N-(1-Methylpropyl)glycine -   (2MeBu)G (2S)—N-(2-Methylbutyl)glycine -   (MthEt)G N-(Methylthioethyl)glycine -   (MthPr)G N-(Methylthiopropyl)glycine -   (Ben)G N-(Benzyl) glycine -   (PhEt)G N-(2-Phenylethyl)glycine -   (HphMe)G N-([4′-hydroxyphenyl]methyl)glycine -   (HphEt)G N-(2-[4′-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl)glycine -   (ImMe)G N-(Imidazol-5-yl-methyl)glycine -   (ImEt)G N-(2-(Imidazol-5′-yl)ethyl)glycine -   (InMe)G N-(Indol-2-yl-methyl)glycine -   (InEt)G N-(2-(Indol-2′-yl)ethyl)glycine -   (CboMe)G N—(Carboxymethyl)glycine -   (CboEt)G N-(2-Carboxyethyl)glycine -   (CboPr)G N-(3-Carboxypropyl) glycine -   (CbaMe)G N—(Carbamoylmethyl)glycine -   (CbaEt)G N-(2-Carbamoylethyl)glycine -   (CbaPr)G N-(3-Carbamoylpropyl)glycine -   (HyEt)G N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)glycine -   (HyPr)G (2R)—N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)glycine (Mcet)G     N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)glycine

Particularly preferred residues for group O are

-   Tyr(Oo) Tyr(O-octyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Oo) D-Tyr(O-octyl) -   Tyr(Od) Tyr(O-decyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Od) D-Tyr(O-decyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Odd) D-Tyr(O-dodecyl) -   Tyr(Otd) Tyr(O-tetradecyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Otd) D-Tyr(O-tetradecyl) -   Tyr(Ohd) Tyr(O-hexadecyl) -   ^(D)Tyr(Ohd) D-Tyr(O-hexadecyl) -   2Amdd-OH 2-Aminododecanoic acid -   ^(D)2Amdd-OH D-2-Aminododecanoic acid -   2Amtd-OH 2-Aminotetradecanoic acid -   ^(D)2Amtd-OH D-2-Aminotetradecanoic acid -   2Amhd-OH 2-Aminohexadecanoic acid -   ^(D)2Amhd-OH D-2-Aminohexadecanoic acid -   Dab(N^(γ)o) Dab(N^(γ)-octanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)o) D-Dab(N^(γ)-octanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)2bo) Dab(N^(γ)2-butyloctanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)2bo) D-Dab(N^(γ)2-butyloctanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)d) Dab(N^(γ)-decanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)d) D-Dab(N^(γ)-decanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)dd) Dab(N^(γ)-dodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)dd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-dodecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)td) Dab(N^(γ)-tetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)td) D-Dab(N^(γ)-tetradecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)hd) Dab(N^(γ)-hexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)hd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-hexadecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)o) Lys(N^(ε)-octanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)o) D-Lys(N^(ε)-octanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)2bo) Lys(N^(ε)2-butyloctanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)2bo) D-Lys(N^(ε)2-butyloctanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)d) Lys(N^(ε)-decanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)d) D-Lys(N^(ε)-decanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)dd) Lys(N^(ε)-dodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)dd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-dodecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)td) Lys(N^(ε)-tetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)td) D-Lys(N^(ε)-tetradecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)hd) Lys(N^(ε)-hexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)hd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-hexadecanoyl) -   Lys((N^(ε)od) Lys(N^(ε)-octadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys((N^(ε)od) D-Lys(N^(ε)-octadecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)8amo) Dab(N^(γ)-8-aminooctanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)8amo) D-Dab(N^(γ)-8-aminooctanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)10amd) Dab(N^(γ)-10-aminodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)10amd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-10-aminodecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)12amdd) Dab(N^(γ)-12-aminododecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)12amdd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-12-aminododecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)14amtd) Dab(N^(γ)-14-aminotetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)14amtd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-14-aminotetradecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)16amhd) Dab(N^(γ)-16-aminohexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)16amhd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-16-aminohexadecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)8amo) Lys(N^(ε)-8-aminooctanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)8amo) D-Lys(N^(ε)-8-aminooctanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)10amd) Lys(N^(ε)-10-aminodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)10amd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-10-aminodecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)12amdd) Lys(N^(ε)-12-aminododecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)12amdd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-12-aminododecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)14amtd) Lys(N^(ε)-14-aminotetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)14amtd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-14-aminotetradecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)16amhd) Lys(N^(ε)-16-aminohexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)16amhd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-16-aminohexadecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)8OHo) Dab(N^(γ)-8-hydroxyoctanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)8OHo) D-Dab(N^(γ)-8-hydroxyoctanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)10OHd) Dab(N^(γ)-10-hydroxydecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)10OHd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-10-hydroxydecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)12OHdd) Dab(N^(γ)-12-hydroxydodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)12OHdd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-12-hydroxydodecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)14OHtd) Dab(N^(γ)-14-hydroxytetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)14OHtd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-14-hydroxytetradecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)16OHhd) Dab(N^(γ)-16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)16OHhd) D-Dab(N^(γ)-16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)8OHo) Lys(N^(ε)-8-hydroxyoctanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)8OHo) D-Lys(N^(ε)-8-hydroxyoctanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)10OHd) Lys(N^(ε)-10-hydroxydecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)10OHd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-10-hydroxydecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)12OHdd) Lys(N^(ε)-12-hydroxydodecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N N^(ε)12OHdd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-12-hydroxydodecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)14OHtd) Lys(N^(ε)-14-hydroxytetradecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)14OHtd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-14-hydroxytetradecanoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)16OHhd) Lys(N^(ε)-16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)16OHhd) D-Lys(N^(ε)-16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4ooxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-octyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4ooxbe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-octyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4doxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-decyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4doxbe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-decyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4ddoxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-dodecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4ddoxe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-dodecyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4tdoxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-tetradecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4tdoxe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-tetradecyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)4hdoxbe) Dab(N^(γ)-4-hexadecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)4hdoxe) D-Dab(N^(γ)-4-hexadecyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4ooxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-octyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4ooxbe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-octyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4doxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-decyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4doxbe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-decyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4ddoxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-dodecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4ddoxe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-dodecyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4tdoxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-tetradecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4tdoxe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-tetradecyloxybenzoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)4hdoxbe) Lys(N^(ε)-4-hexadecyloxybenzoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)4hdoxe) D-Lys(N^(ε)-4-hexadecyloxybenzoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)glcho) Dab(N^(γ)-glycocholoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)glcho) D-Dab(N^(γ)-glycocholoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)glcho) Lys(N^(ε)-glycocholoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)glcho) D-Lys(N^(ε)-glycocholoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)ado) Dab(N^(γ)-adamantoyl) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)ado) D-Dab(N^(γ)-adamantoyl) -   Lys(N^(ε)ado) Lys(N^(ε)-adamantoyl) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)ado) D-Lys(N^(ε)-adamantoyl) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)o) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(ε)-octanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)o) D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(ε)-octanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)2bo) Dab     (N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-2-butyloctanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)2bo)     D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-2-butyloctanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)d) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-decanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)d) D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-decanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)dd) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-dodecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)dd)     D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-dodecanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)td) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-tetradecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)td)     D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-tetradecanoyl))) -   Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)hd) Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-hexadecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Dab(N^(γ)γgluN^(α)hd)     D-Dab(N^(γ)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-hexadecanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)o) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-octanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)o) D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-octanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)2bo)     Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-2-butyloctanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)2bo)     D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-2-butyloctanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)d) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-decanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)d) D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-decanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-dodecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd)     D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-dodecanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)td) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-tetradecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)td)     D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-tetradecanoyl))) -   Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)hd) Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-hexadecanoyl))) -   ^(D)Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)hd)     D-Lys(N^(ε)-(γ-glutamyl(N^(α)-hexadecanoyl))) -   Arg(N^(ω)ooxca) Arg(N^(ω)-octyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)ooxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-octyloxycarbonyl) -   Arg(N^(ω)doxca) Arg(N^(ω)-decyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)doxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-decyloxycarbonyl) -   Arg(N^(ω)ddoxca) Arg(N^(ω)-dodecyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)ddoxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-dodecyloxycarbonyl) -   Arg(N^(ω)tdoxca) Arg(N^(ω)-tetradecyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)tdoxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-tetradecyloxycarbonyl) -   Arg(N^(ω)hdoxca) Arg(N^(ω)-hexadecyloxycarbonyl) -   ^(D)Arg(N^(ω)hdoxca) D-Arg(N^(ω)-hexadecyloxycarbonyl) -   Gln(N^(ω)ad) Gln (N^(ω)-adamantyl) -   ^(D)Gln(N^(ω)ad) D-Gln (N^(ω)-adamantyl) -   Ser(Oo) Ser(O-octyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Oo) D-Ser(O-octyl) -   Ser(Od) Ser(O-decyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Od) D-Ser(O-decyl) -   Ser(Odd) Ser(O-dodecyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Odd) D-Ser(O-dodecyl) -   Ser(Otd) Ser(O-tetradecyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Otd) D-Ser(O-tetradecyl) -   Ser(Ohd) Ser(O-hexadecyl) -   ^(D)Ser(Ohd) D-Ser(O-hexadecyl) -   4AmPyrr1(o) (2S,4S)-4-Octanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(o) (2R,4S)-4-Octanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr1(d) (2S,4S)-4-Decanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(d) (2R,4S)-4-Decanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr1(dd) (2S,4S)-4-Dodecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(dd) (2R,4S)-4-Dodecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr1(td) (2S,4S)-4-Tetradecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(td)     (2R,4S)-4-Tetradecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4AmPyrr1(hd) (2S,4S)-4-Hexadecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr1(hd)     (2R,4S)-4-Hexadecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4AmPyrr2(o) (2S,4R)-4-Octanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(o) (2R,4R)-4-Octanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr2(d) (2S,4R)-4-Decanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(d) (2R,4R)-4-Decanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr2(dd) (2S,4R)-4-Dodecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(dd) (2R,4R)-4-Dodecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   4AmPyrr2(td) (2S,4R)-4-Tetradecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(td)     (2R,4R)-4-Tetradecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid -   4AmPyrr2(hd) (2S,4R)-4-Hexadecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic     acid -   ^(D)4AmPyrr2(hd)     (2R,4R)-4-Hexadecanoylamino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

In a particular embodiment of the invention Xaa¹⁵ is ^(D)Pro, ^(D)Cha, NMe^(D)Ile, ^(D)Tyr, ^(D)His, ^(D)His(Bzl), ^(D)4Pal, NMe^(p)Tyr, NMe^(D)Lys, (ABu)G, ^(D)Ile, NMe^(D)Ala, ^(D)Lys, or ^(D)Dab; and Xaa¹⁸ is ^(L)Pro or Oic; the aforesaid ^(D)Pro moiety and/or the aforesaid ^(L)Pro moiety being optionally substituted as shown in formulae A8′, A8″, A8′″ and, respectively, A8″″, as defined above.

The amino acid residues in Cyclo(-Xaa²-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) are preferably:

-   -   Xaa¹: Gly, NMeGly, Leu, Val, Ser, Asp, Glu, His, Tyr or Trp;     -   Xaa²: His, Tyr, Arg, Lys or of type O;     -   Xaa³: Ala, Cha, Tyr, Thr, Cit, Gln or of type O;     -   Xaa⁵: Ser, Arg, Dab, Dap or the D-Isomer of type F;     -   Xaa⁶: Ala, Gly;     -   Xaa⁷: of formula -A-CO— or D-isomer of type D;     -   Xaa⁸: Tyr, His, Dab, Arg, Thr or of type O;     -   Xaa⁹: Arg or of type O;     -   Xaa¹⁰: Tyr, Trp, 2Nal or of type O;     -   Xaa¹²: Ala, Leu, Lys, Ser, Thr, Tyr or Trp;     -   Xaa¹³: Gln, Thr, Cit or of type O;     -   Xaa¹⁴: Ala, Lys, Orn, Arg, Gln, Glu or of type O;     -   Xaa¹⁵: of formula -A-CO—, D-isomer of type C, D, E or F, or         N-substituted glycine of type I;     -   Xaa¹⁶: of formula B—CO—;     -   Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, of type H;         with the proviso that     -   the molecule contains at least one but not more than four amino         acid residues of type O and/or -A-CO— having a residue         designated as “lipophilic moiety”.

Preferably the amino acid residues of type O and/or the amino acid residues of formula -A-CO— are having a substituent R⁸⁸ which is —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCOOR³⁴)⁴COR⁸⁹, —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCOOR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴COOR⁸⁹ or —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴CONR³⁴R⁸⁹ (R³⁴, R⁸⁹, p, and s according to the general definitions of R³⁴, R⁸⁹, p, and s).

The amino acid residues in Cyclo(-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) are most preferably:

-   -   Xaa¹: Tyr;     -   Xaa²: His, Arg or Dab(N^(γ)dd);     -   Xaa³: Ala, Tyr, Thr, Lys(N^(ε)o) or 2Amtd-OH;     -   Xaa⁴: Cys;     -   Xaa⁵: Arg or Ser;     -   Xaa⁶: Ala or Gly;     -   Xaa⁷: ^(D)Pro, ^(D)Tyr, or ^(D)4AmPyrr1(td);     -   Xaa⁸: Dab, Arg or Dab(N^(γ)dd);     -   Xaa⁹: Arg or Arg(N^(ω)ooxca);     -   Xaa¹⁰: Tyr or Tyr(Odd);     -   Xaa¹¹: Cys;     -   Xaa¹²: Tyr     -   Xaa¹³: Gln, Dab(N^(γ)d), Dab(N^(γ)dd), Lys(N^(ε)o), Lys(N^(ε)d),         Lys(N^(ε)dd), Lys(N^(ε)td), Lys(N^(ε)hd), Lys((N^(ε)od),         Lys(N^(ε)16OHhd), Lys(N^(ε)4ooxbe), Lys(N^(ε)4ddoxbe), 2Amdd-OH,         ^(D)2Amdd-OH, Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)old), Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)td),         Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)hd), Gln (Wad) or Ser(Od);     -   Xaa¹⁴: Lys, Gln, Lys(N^(ε)o), Lys(N^(ε)glcho), Lys(N^(ε)ado) or         Gln (Wad);     -   Xaa¹⁵: ^(D)Tyr or ^(D)Pro;     -   Xaa¹⁶: Pro;     -   Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, can form a disulfide bridge;

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the amino acid residues in Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) are:

-   -   Xaa¹: Tyr;     -   Xaa²: His or Arg;     -   Xaa³: Ala, Tyr, Thr;     -   Xaa⁴: Cys;     -   Xaa⁵: Arg or Ser;     -   Xaa⁶: Ala or Gly;     -   Xaa⁷: ^(D)Pro, ^(D)Tyr;     -   Xaa⁸: Dab or Arg;     -   Xaa⁹: Arg;     -   Xaa¹⁰: Tyr;     -   Xaa¹¹: Cys;     -   Xaa¹²: Tyr;     -   Xaa¹³: Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd), Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)td) or         Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)hd);     -   Xaa¹⁴: Lys, or Gln;     -   Xaa¹': ^(D)Tyr or ^(D)Pro;     -   Xaa¹⁶: Pro;     -   Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, form a disulfide bridge;

Particularly preferred β-peptidomimetics of the invention include those described in Examples 17, 20, 25, and 26. The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of this invention can be produced, for example, by following a procedure comprising the synthesis of the linear peptide on resin whereas the lipophilic moiety-bearing amino acid residue(s) will be incorporated as amino acid building block(s) being commercially available or synthesized beforehand; or by following a procedure comprising the synthesis of the linear peptide on resin by applying an orthogonal protecting group strategy whereas, for example, the amino group bearing side chain of at least one amino acid residue is Alloc-protected or the like and thus prone to an individual deprotection and subsequent introduction of a lipophilic moiety on resin; or a procedure comprising the synthesis of a linear peptide on resin by applying an orthogonal protecting group strategy whereas, for example, all amino group bearing side chains of amino acid residues which are not considered to be modified shall be protected by ivDde or the like so that amino group bearing side chains of amino acid residues protected by acid labile protecting groups suitable to the Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis strategy can be derivatized by coupling lipophilic moieties in solution at a very late stage of the synthesis cascade; or following a procedure comprising a suitable combination of the procedures described before.

The processes of the invention can advantageously be carried out as parallel array syntheses to yield libraries of β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention. Such parallel syntheses allow one to obtain arrays of numerous (normally 12 to 192, typically 96) compounds as described above in moderate to high yields and defined purities, minimizing the formation of dimeric and polymeric by-products. The proper choice of the functionalized solid-support (i.e. solid support plus linker molecule) and site of cyclization play thereby key roles.

The functionalized solid support is conveniently derived from polystyrene crosslinked with, preferably 1-5%, divinylbenzene; polystyrene coated with polyethyleneglycol spacers (Tentagel®); and polyacrylamide resins (see also D. Obrecht, J.-M. Villalgordo, “Solid-Supported Combinatorial and Parallel Synthesis of Small-Molecular-Weight Compound Libraries”, Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol. 17, Pergamon, Elsevier Science, 1998).

The solid support is functionalized by means of a linker, i.e. a bifunctional spacer molecule which contains on one end an anchoring group for attachment to the solid support and on the other end a selectively cleavable functional group used for the subsequent chemical transformations and cleavage procedures. For the purposes of the present invention two types of linkers are used:

Type 1 linkers are designed to release the amide group under acidic conditions (H. Rink, Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 3783-3790). Linkers of this kind form amides of the carboxyl group of the amino acids; examples of resins functionalized by such linker structures include 4-[(((2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamido) aminomethyl] PS resin, 4-[(((2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxy-acetamido) aminomethyl]-4-methyl-benzydrylamine PS resin (Rink amide MBHA PS Resin), and 4-[(((2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamido) aminomethyl] benzhydrylamine PS-resin (Rink amide BHA PS resin). Preferably, the support is derived from polystyrene crosslinked with, most preferably 1-5%, divinylbenzene and functionalized by means of the 4-(((2,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamido) linker.

Type 2 linkers are designed to eventually release the carboxyl group under acidic conditions. Linkers of this kind form acid-labile esters with the carboxyl group of the amino acids, usually acid-labile benzyl, benzhydryl and trityl esters; examples of such linker structures include 2-methoxy-4-hydroxymethylphenoxy (Sasrin® linker), 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl-hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy (Rink linker), 4-(4-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)butyric acid (HMPB linker), trityl and 2-chlorotrityl. Preferably, the support is derived from polystyrene crosslinked with, most preferably 1-5%, divinylbenzene and functionalized by means of the 2-chlorotrityl linker.

When carried out as parallel array syntheses the processes of the invention can be advantageously carried out as described herein below but it will be immediately apparent to those skilled in the art how these procedures will have to be modified in case it is desired to synthesize one single compound of the invention.

A number of reaction vessels (normally 12 to 192, typically 96) equal to the total number of compounds to be synthesized by the parallel method are loaded with 25 to 1000 mg, preferably 60 mg, of the appropriate functionalized solid support, preferably 1 to 3% cross-linked polystyrene or Tentagel resin.

The solvent to be used must be capable of swelling the resin and includes, but is not limited to, dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dioxane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethanol (EtOH), trifluoroethanol (TFE), isopropylalcohol and the like. Solvent mixtures containing as at least one component a polar solvent (e.g. 20% TFE/DCM, 35% THF/NMP) are beneficial for ensuring high reactivity and solvation of the resin-bound peptide chains (G. B. Fields, C. G. Fields, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4202-4207).

With the development of various linkers that release the C-terminal carboxylic acid group under mild acidic conditions, not affecting acid-labile groups protecting functional groups in the side chain(s), considerable progresses have been made in the synthesis of protected peptide fragments. The 2-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylalcohol-derived linker (Sasrin® linker, Mergler et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29 4005-4008) is cleavable with diluted trifluoroacetic acid (0.5-1% TFA in DCM) and is stable to Fmoc deprotection conditions during the peptide synthesis, Boc/tBu-based additional protecting groups being compatible with this protection scheme. Other linkers which are suitable for the process of the invention include the super acid labile 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl-hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy linker (Rink linker, H. Rink, Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 3787-3790), where the removal of the peptide requires 10% acetic acid in DCM or 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid in DCM; the 4-(4-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)butyric acid-derived linker (HMPB-linker, Florsheimer & Riniker, Peptides 1991, 1990 131) which is also cleaved with 1% TFA/DCM in order to yield a peptide fragment containing all acid labile side-chain protective groups; and, in addition, the 2-chlorotritylchloride linker (Barlos et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3943-3946), which allows the peptide detachment using a mixture of glacial acetic acid/trifluoroethanol/DCM (1:2:7) for 30 min.

Suitable protecting groups for amino acids and, respectively, for their residues are, for example,

-   -   for the amino group (as is present e.g. also in the side-chain         of lysine)     -   Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl     -   Boc tert-butyloxycarbonyl     -   Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl     -   Alloc allyloxycarbonyl     -   Teoc trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl     -   Tcc trichloroethoxycarbonyl     -   Nps o-nitrophenylsulfonyl;     -   Trt triphenymethyl or trityl         -   for the carboxyl group (as is present e.g. also in the             side-chain of aspartic and glutamic acid) by conversion into             esters with the alcohol components     -   tBu tert-butyl     -   Bn benzyl     -   Me methyl     -   Ph phenyl     -   Pac phenacyl         -   allyl     -   Tse trimethylsilylethyl     -   Tce trichloroethyl;     -   ivDde (4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)-3-methylbutyl         -   for the guanidino group (as is present e.g. in the             side-chain of arginine)     -   Pmc 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl     -   Ts tosyl (i.e. p-toluenesulfonyl)     -   Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl     -   Pbf pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl         -   for the hydroxy group (as is present e.g. in the side-chain             of threonine and serine)     -   tBu tert-butyl     -   Bn benzyl     -   Trt trityl     -   Alloc allyloxycarbonyl         -   and for the mercapto group (as is present e.g. in the             side-chain of cysteine)     -   Acm acetamidomethyl     -   tBu tert-butyl     -   Bn benzyl     -   Trt trityl     -   Mtr 4-methoxytrityl.

The 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected amino acid derivatives are preferably used as the building blocks for the construction of the β-hairpin loop mimetics of the invention. For the deprotection, i.e. cleaving off of the Fmoc group, 20% piperidine in DMF or 2% DBU/2% piperidine in DMF can be used.

Lipophilic moieties to be linked to amino acid derivatives to form either an amino acid residue according to type O or a lipophilic moiety-bearing amino acid residue of formula -A-CO— are known in the art. The procedure for introducing a lipophilic moiety can be accomplished by introducing suitable leaving groups as e.g. halogens, or by activating reagents such as those described below depending on the functional groups involved in the linking process. Lipophilic moiety-bearing amino acids like, for example, fatty alkyl substituted tyrosines, can be formed by applying the Mitsunobu reaction. The synthesis of Fmoc-protected 4-hexadecyloxyphenylalanine for example can be accomplished preferably by adding 2.2 eq 1-hexadecanol (0.1 M) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ to tert-butyl-2-((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonyl)-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate and 3 eq triphenyl-phosphine under nitrogen. After cooling the reaction mixture to 0° C. 3 eq 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (30 mM) in CH₂Cl₂ are added dropwise and the mixture is stirred additionally 20 min followed by stirring 1 h at room temperature. After cleaving the tButylester group, preferably by applying TFA in CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C., the amino acid building block can be used in the Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis strategy described herein.

The quantity of the reactant, i.e. of the amino acid derivative, is usually 1 to 20 equivalents based on the milliequivalents per gram (meq/g) loading of the functionalized solid support (typically 0.1 to 2.85 meq/g for polystyrene resins) originally weighed into the reaction tube. Additional equivalents of reactants can be used, if required, to drive the reaction to completion in a reasonable time. The preferred workstations (without, however, being limited thereto) are Labsource's Combi-chem station, Protein Technologies' Symphony and MultiSyn Tech's-Syro synthesizer, the latter additionally equipped with a transfer unit and a reservoir box during the process of detachment of the fully protected linear peptide from the solid support. All synthesizers are able to provide a controlled environment, for example, reactions can be accomplished at temperatures different from room temperature as well as under inert gas atmosphere, if desired.

Amide bond formation requires the activation of the α-carboxyl group for the acylation step. When this activation is being carried out by means of the commonly used carbodiimides such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, Sheehan & Hess, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 1067-1068) or diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC, Sarantakis et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1976, 73, 336-342), the resulting dicyclohexylurea and, respectively, diisopropylurea is insoluble and, respectively, soluble in the solvents generally used. In a variation of the carbodiimide method 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt, Konig & Geiger, Chem. Ber. 1970, 103, 788-798) is included as an additive to the coupling mixture. HOBt prevents dehydration, suppresses racemization of the activated amino acids and acts as a catalyst to improve the sluggish coupling reactions. Certain phosphonium reagents have been used as direct coupling reagents, such as benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethyl-amino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP, Castro et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 14, 1219-1222; Synthesis 1976, 751-752), or benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophoshate (Py-BOP, Coste et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 205-208), or 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl-)1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), or hexafluorophosphate (HBTU, Knorr et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1927-1930); these phosphonium reagents are also suitable for in situ formation of HOBt esters with the protected amino acid derivatives. More recently diphenoxyphosphoryl azide (DPPA) or O-(7-aza-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TATU) or O-(7-aza-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU)/7-aza-1-hydroxy benzotriazole (HOAt, Carpino et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2279-2281) or -(6-Chloro-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl-)-N,N,N′,N′-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TCTU), or hexafluorophosphate (HCTU, Marder, Shivo and Albericio: HCTU and TCTU: New Coupling Reagents: Development and Industrial Applications, Poster Presentation, Gordon Conference February 2002) have also been used as coupling reagents as well as 1,1,3,3-bis(tetramethylene)chlorouronium hexafluoro-phosphate (PyClU) especially for coupling N-methylated amino acids (J. Coste, E. Frerot, P. Jouin, B. Castro, Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 1967).

Due to the fact that near-quantitative coupling reactions are essential, it is desirable to have experimental evidence for completion of the reactions. The ninhydrin test (Kaiser et al., Anal. Biochemistry 1970, 34, 595), where a positive colorimetric response to an aliquot of resin-bound peptide indicates qualitatively the presence of the primary amine, can easily and quickly be performed after each coupling step. Fmoc chemistry allows the spectrophotometric detection of the Fmoc chromophore when it is released with the base (Meienhofer et al., Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 1979, 13, 35-42).

The resin-bound intermediate within each reaction vessel is washed free of excess of retained reagents, of solvents, and of by-products by repetitive exposure to pure solvent(s) by one of the two following methods:

1) The reaction vessels are filled with solvent (preferably 5 mL), agitated for 5 to 300 minutes, preferably 15 minutes, and drained to expel the solvent; 2) The reaction vessels are filled with solvent (preferably 5 mL) and drained into a receiving vessel such as a test tube or vial.

Both of the above washing procedures are repeated up to about 50 times (preferably about 10 times), monitoring the efficiency of reagent, solvent, and by-product removal by methods such as TLC, GC, or inspection of the washings.

The above described procedure of reacting the resin-bound compound with reagents within the reaction tubes followed by removal of excess reagents, by-products, and solvents is repeated with each successive transformation until the final resin-bound fully protected linear peptide has been obtained.

Before this fully protected linear peptide is detached from the solid support, it is possible, if desired, to follow the above mentioned orthogonal protecting group strategy for introducing lipophilic moieties on resin by selectively deprotecting one or several protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and to appropriately substitute the reactive group(s) thus liberated. To this effect, the functional group(s) in question must initially be protected by a protecting group which can be selectively removed without affecting the remaining protecting groups present. Alloc (allyloxycarbonyl) is an example for such an amino protecting group which can be selectively removed, e.g. by means of Pd(o) and phenylsilane in CH₂Cl₂, without affecting the remaining protecting groups, such as Fmoc or acid labile protecting groups suitable to the Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis strategy, present in the molecule. The reactive group thus liberated can then be treated with an agent suitable for introducing the desired substituent e.g. a lipophilic moiety. Thus, for example, an amino group can be acylated by means of an acylating agent corresponding to the acyl substituent to be introduced. Preferably, Alloc will be removed by applying 0.2 eq tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium(o) (10 mM) in dry CH₂Cl₂ and 10 eq phenylsilane for 15 min at room temperature. After filtration and washing of the resin the deprotection is completed by repeating the procedure with a fresh solution of reagents. The coupling of a fatty acid is started by subsequently adding 3 eq of the desired fatty acid (300 mM) dissolved in DMF/CH₂Cl₂, 6 eq of DIPEA and 3 eq of PyBOP® (300 mM) dissolved in DMF to the resin and continued by allowing the reaction mixture to stand for 1 h disrupted only by occasionally stirring. After filtration and washing of the resin the coupling is completed by repeating the procedure with a fresh solution of reagents. Instead of the aforesaid fatty acid suitably protected lipophilic moiety-bearing glutamic acids or the like, as for example 4-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-4-hexadecanoylaminobutyric acid, can be coupled following the same procedure.

The convertion of side chain amino groups into lipophilic moiety-bearing guanidino groups can be accomplished by coupling of suitably protected lipophilic moiety-bearing guanidine derivatives. The coupling of N-Boc-N′-octyloxy-carbonyl-N″-trifluoromethanesulfonylguanidine, for example, is carried out by subsequently adding 10 eq DIPEA (530 mM) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and 3 eq (160 mM) of the aforesaid guanilating agent dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ to the resin. The reaction mixture is shaken for 7 h and the procedure is repeated once after filtration and washing of the resin.

Before this fully protected linear peptide is detached from the solid support, an interstrand linkage between Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹ of -Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶- can be formed.

Interstrand linkages and their formation have been discussed above, in connection with the explanations made regarding groups of the type H which can, for example, be disulfide bridges formed by cysteine and homocysteine residues at opposite positions of the β-strand; or lactam bridges formed by glutamic and aspartic acid residues linking ornithine and, respectively, lysine residues, or by glutamic acid residues linking 2,4-diaminobutyric acid residues located at opposite β-strand positions by amide bond formation. The formation of such interstrand linkages can be effected by methods well known in the art.

For the formation of a disulfide bridge preferably a solution of 10 equivalents of iodine solution is applied in DMF or in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂/MeOH for 1.5 h which is repeated for another 3 h with a fresh iodine solution after filtering of the iodine solution, or in a mixture of DMSO and acetic acid solution, buffered with 5% NaHCO₃ to pH 5-6 for 4 h, or in water after adjusting to pH 8 with ammonium hydroxide solution by stirring for 24 h, or in a solution of NMP and tri-n-butylphosphine (preferably 50 eq.).

Alternatively, the formation of the disulfide bridge between Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹ of -Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶- can be carried out subsequent to the work-up method 2), as described herein below, by stirring the crude fully deprotected and cyclized peptide for 24 h in water containing DMSO up to 15% by volume, buffered with 5% NaHCO₃ to pH 5-6, or buffered with ammonium acetate to pH 7-8, or adjusted with ammonium hydroxide to pH 8. Following evaporation to dryness Cyclo(-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-), disulfide bond between Cys⁴ and Cys¹¹ is obtained as end-product.

Detachment of the fully protected linear peptide from the solid support is achieved by exposing the loaded resin with a solution of the reagent used for cleavage (preferably 3 to 5 mL). Temperature control, agitation, and reaction monitoring are implemented as described above. Via a transfer-unit the reaction vessels are connected with a reservoir box containing reservoir tubes to efficiently collect the cleaved product solutions. The resins remaining in the reaction vessels are then washed 2 to 5 times as above with 3 to 5 mL of an appropriate solvent to extract (wash out) as much of the detached products as possible. The product solutions thus obtained are combined, taking care to avoid cross-mixing. The individual solutions/extracts are then manipulated as needed to isolate the final compounds. Typical manipulations include, but are not limited to, evaporation, concentration, liquid/liquid extraction, acidification, basification, neutralization or additional reactions in solution.

The solutions containing fully protected linear peptide derivatives which have been cleaved off from the solid support and neutralized with a base, are evaporated. Cyclization is then effected in solution using solvents such as DCM, DMF, dioxane, THF and the like. Various coupling reagents which were mentioned earlier can be used for the cyclization. The duration of the cyclization is about 6-48 hours, preferably about 16 hours. The progress of the reaction is followed, e.g. by RP-HPLC(Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Then the solvent is removed by evaporation, the fully protected cyclic peptide derivative is dissolved in a solvent which is not miscible with water, such as DCM, and the solution is extracted with water or a mixture of water-miscible solvents, in order to remove any excess of the coupling reagent.

Finally, the fully protected peptide derivative is treated with 95% TFA, 2.5% H₂O, 2.5% TIS or another combination of scavengers for effecting the cleavage of protecting groups. The cleavage reaction time is commonly 30 minutes to 12 hours, preferably about 2.5 hours.

Alternatively, the detachment and complete deprotection of the fully protected peptide from the solid support can be achieved manually in glass vessels.

After full deprotection one of the following methods can be used for further work-up:

1) The volatiles are evaporated to dryness and the crude peptide is dissolved in 20% AcOH in water and extracted with isopropyl ether or other solvents which are suitable therefor. The aqueous layer is collected and evaporated to dryness, and the fully deprotected peptide, Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-), is obtained as final product; 2) The deprotection mixture is concentrated under vacuum. Following precipitation of the fully deprotected peptide in diethylether at preferably 0° C. the solid is washed up to about 10 times, preferably 3 times, dried, and the fully deprotected peptide, Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) is obtained as final product, if a disulfide bond between Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹ has been formed on solid support as described herein above.

If the above mentioned orthogonal protecting group strategy for introducing lipophilic moieties in solution has been followed, then all functional groups of side chains of amino acid residues are still protected by non-acid labile protecting groups whereas functional groups of amino acid residues formerly protected by acid labile protecting groups have been liberated at this stage of the synthesis cascade. Thus, it is possible, if desired, to couple a lipophilic moiety. Preferably, ivDde or the like are acid stable protecting groups for amino group bearing side chains which are kept unmodified during the coupling of lipophilic moieties to liberated amino groups. This coupling can be accomplished by applying activated lipophilic moieties like, for example, N-hydroxy succinimide esters of fatty acids, whereof, preferably, 2 eq (8 mM) dissolved in acetonitrile are added to a 4 mM solution of the peptide dissolved in PBS-buffer at pH˜8 and stirred for 3 h at 0° C. A different applicable coupling method follows the activation of the carboxyl group as described above in the course of the amide bond formation necessary for the peptide synthesis. Preferably, the amide bond will be formed by using a mixture of 0.01 M cyclic peptide having a liberated amino group, 0.01 M lipophilic moiety-containing acid, 15 eq DIPEA, 1.1 eq HOBt and 1.1 eq PyBop® in DMF. Following the coupling step a solution of 5% hydrazine in DMF will be used to finally remove the ivDe-protecting groups.

As mentioned earlier, it is thereafter possible, if desired, to convert the fully deprotected product of Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-), thus obtained into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or to convert a pharmaceutically acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the corresponding free compound of Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-), or a different, into pharmaceutically acceptable, salt. Any of these operations can be carried out by methods well known in the art.

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention can be used in a wide range of applications in order to prevent HIV infections in healthy individuals and slow or halt viral progression in infected patients, or where cancer is mediated or resulting from the CXCR4 receptor activity, or where immunological diseases are mediated or resulting from CXCR4 receptor activity; or these β-hairpin peptidomimetics can be used to treat immunosuppression, or they can be used during apheresis collections of peripheral blood stem cells and/or as agents to induce mobilization of stem cells to regulate tissue repair.

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be administered per se or may be applied as an appropriate formulation together with carriers, diluents or excipients well known in the art.

When used to treat or prevent HIV infections or cancer such as breast cancer, brain cancer, prostate cancer, heptatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, neuroblastoma, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, germ cell tumor, eye cancer, multiple myeloma, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, rhabdomyo-sarcoma, melanoma, chronic lyphomphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; metastasis, angiogenesis, and haematopoetic tissues; or inflammatory disorders such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, hypersensitivity lung diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonias, delayed-type hypersensitivity, interstitial lung disease (ILD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, ILD associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing sponylitis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity responses, drug allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, atherosclerosis, myasthenia gravis, juvenile onset diabetes, glomerulonephritis, autoimmune throiditis, graft rejection, including allograft rejection or graft-versus-host disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, inflammatory dermatoses; or to treat eye diseases like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration; or to treat focal ischemic stroke, global cerebral ischemia, myocardial infarction, hind limb ischemia and peripheral ischemia; or to treat injury of the liver, kidney and lung or to treat immunosuppression, including immunosuppression induced by chemotherapy, radiation therapy or graft/transplantation rejection, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention can be administered singly, as mixtures of several β-hairpin peptidomimetics, in combination with other anti-HIV agents, or antimicrobial agents or anti-cancer agents or anti-inflammatory agents, or in combination with other pharmaceutically active agents. The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention can be administered per se or as pharmaceutical compositions.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be manufactured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, coated tablet-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxilliaries which facilitate processing of the active β-hairpin peptidomimetics into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation depends upon the method of administration chosen.

For topical administration the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be formulated as solutions, gels, ointments, creams, suspensions, etc. as are well-known in the art.

Systemic formulations include those designed for administration by injection, e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal or intraperitoneal injection, as well as those designed for transdermal, transmucosal, oral or pulmonary administration.

For injections, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be formulated in adequate solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hink's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. The solutions may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be in powder form for combination with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation as known in the art.

For oral administration, the compounds can be readily formulated by combining the active β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions etc., for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated. For oral formulations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, suitable excipients include fillers such as sugars, such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); granulating agents; and binding agents. If desired, desintegrating agents may be added, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidones, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate. If desired, solid dosage forms may be sugar-coated or enteric-coated using standard techniques.̂

For oral liquid preparations such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions, suitable carriers, excipients or diluents include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, etc. In addition, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like may be added.

For buccal administration, the composition may take the form of tablets, lozenges, etc. formulated as usual.

For administration by inhalation, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention are conveniently delivered in form of an aeorosol spray from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, carbon dioxide or another suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dose unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

The compounds may also be formulated in rectal or vaginal compositions such as suppositories together with appropriate suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In addition to the formulations described above, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may also be formulated as depot preparations. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (e.g. subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. For the manufacture of such depot preparations the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g. as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble salts.

In addition, other pharmaceutical delivery systems may be employed such as liposomes and emulsions well known in the art. Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide may also be employed. Additionally, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be delivered using a sustained-release system, such as semipermeable matrices of solid polymers containing the therapeutic agent (e.g. for coated stents). Various sustained-release materials have been established and are well known by those skilled in the art. Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature, release the compounds for a few weeks up to over 100 days. Depending on the chemical nature and the biological stability of the therapeutic agent, additional strategies for protein stabilization may be employed.

As the β-hairpin pepdidomimetics of the invention may contain charged residues, they may be included in any of the above-described formulations as such or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous and other protic solvents than are the corresponding free forms.

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention, or compositions thereof, will generally be used in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. It is to be understood that the amount used will depend on a particular application.

For topical administration to treat or prevent HIV infections a therapeutically effective dose can be determined using, for example, the in vitro assays provided in the examples. The treatment may be applied while the HIV infection is visible, or even when it is not visible. An ordinary skilled expert will be able to determine therapeutically effective amounts to treat topical HIV infections without undue experimentation.

For systemic administration, a therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from in vitro assays. For example, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating β-hairpin peptidomimetic concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ as determined in the cell culture (i.e. the concentration of a test compound that is lethal to 50% of a cell culture). Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Initial dosages can also be determined from in vivo data, e.g. animal models, using techniques that are well known in the art. One having ordinary skill in the art could readily optimize administration to humans based on animal data.

Dosage amounts for applications as anti-HIV agents may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention which are sufficient to maintain the therapeutic effect.

Therapeutically effective serum levels may be achieved by administering multiple doses each day.

In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may not be related to plasma concentration. One having the ordinary skill in the art will be able to optimize therapeutically effective local dosages without undue experimentation.

The amount of β-hairpin peptidomimetics administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgement of the prescribing physician.

The anti-HIV therapy may be repeated intermittently while infections are detectable or even when they are not detectable. The therapy may be provided alone or in combination with other drugs, such as for example other anti-HIV agents or anti-cancer agents, or other antimicrobial agents.

Normally, a therapeutically effective dose of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics described herein will provide therapeutic benefit without causing substantial toxicity.

Toxicity of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., by determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) or the LD₁₀₀ (the dose lethal to 100% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effect is the therapeutic index. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a dosage range that is not toxic for use in humans. The dosage of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the effective dose with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within the range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dose can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition (see, e.g. Fingl et al. 1975, In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ch. 1, p. 1).

The present invention may also include compounds, which are identical to the compounds of the general formula Cyclo (-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-), except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass number or mass different from the atomic mass number or mass usually found in nature, e.g. compounds enriched in 2H (D), 3H, 11C, 14C, 127I etc. These isotopic analogs and their pharmaceutical salts and formulations are considered useful agents in the therapy and/or diagnostic, for example, but not limited to, where a fine-tuning of in vivo half-life time could lead to an optimized dosage regimen.

The following Examples illustrate the present invention but are not to be construed as limiting its scope in any way.

EXAMPLES 1. Peptide Synthesis Coupling of the First Protected Amino Acid Residue to the Resin

1 g (1.4 mMol) 2-chlorotritylchloride resin (1.4 mMol/g; Barlos et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3943-3946) was filled into a dried flask. The resin was suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and allowed to swell at room temperature under constant shaking for 30 min. A solution of 0.98 mMol (0.7 eq) of the first suitably protected amino acid residue (see below) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) mixed with 960 μl (4 eq) of diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) was added. After shaking the reaction mixture for 4 hours at 25° C., the resin was filtered off and washed successively with CH₂Cl₂ (1×), DMF (1×) and CH₂Cl₂ (1×). A solution of CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/DIEA (17/2/1, mL) was added to the resin and the suspension was shaken for 30 min. After filtration the resin was washed in the following order with CH₂Cl₂ (1×), DMF (1×), CH₂Cl₂ (1×), MeOH (1×), CH₂Cl₂ (1×), MeOH (1×), CH₂Cl₂ (2×), Et₂O (2×) and dried under vacuum for 6 hours.

Loading was typically 0.6-0.7 mMol/g.

The following preloaded resins were prepared: Fmoc-Pro-O-chlorotrityl resin, Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)-O-chloro-trityl resin, Fmoc-Dab(Alloc)O-chlorotrityl resin, Fmoc-Dab(Boc)-O— chlorotrityl resin and Fmoc-Ser(tBu)—O-chlorotrityl resin.

The synthesis was carried out employing a Syro-peptide synthesizer (MultiSynTech) using 24-96 reaction vessels. In each vessel 0.04 mMol of the above resin was placed and the resin was swollen in CH₂Cl₂ and DMF for 15 min, respectively.

The following reaction cycles were programmed and carried out:

Step Reagent Time 1 DMF, wash 2x1 min 2 20% piperidine/DMF 1x5 min, 1x15 min 3 DMF, wash 5x1 min 4a 5 eq Fmoc amino acid/DMF + 1x60 min  5 eq HCTU/DMF, 10 eq DIEA/DMF 5 DMF, wash 3x1 min

Step 4a was repeated once.

Unless indicated otherwise, the final coupling of an amino acid was followed by a Fmoc deprotection by applying steps 1-3 of the above described reaction cycle.

Amino Acid Building Block Syntheses

The synthesis of (2S)-2-((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy-carbonyl)amino-3-(4-hexadecyloxyphenyl)propanoic acid has been described in the context of the general procedure.

Syntheses of Precursors of Lipophilic Moiety-Bearing Substituents

The synthesis of (4S)—N-hexadecanoyl-4-amino-4-tert-butyl-oxycarbonyl butyric acid was accomplished by adding dropwise a solution of 1 eq (0.21 M) N-hydroxy succinimid ester of hexadecanoic acid in DMF to a solution of the hydrochloride of H-L-Glu-O-tBu (0.042 M) in DMF containing 1 eq DIPEA at room temperature and stirring the reaction mixture for 36 h. The desired product was obtained following evaporation of the reaction mixture to dryness, dissolving the crude in ethyl acetate, extracting the organic layer 3 times with 5% aqueous citric acid and final evaporation of the organic phase.

The above given protocol was successfully applied to other N-hydroxy succinimid esters of lipophilic moiety-containing acids like dodecanoic acid and tetradecanoic acid.

The synthesis of N-Boc-N′-octyloxycarbonyl-N″-trifluoro-methanesulfonylguanidine was accomplished as follows: 12.5 mMol Boc-protected guanidine were dissolved in a mixture of 10 mL aqueous NaOH (2 eq, 2.5 M) and 15 mL acetone. After cooling down to 0° C. 1.1 eq (6.9 M) octylchloroformate dissolved in acetone were added dropwise. Following warm-up to room temperature the reaction mixture was stirred additionally for 3 h. The crude product was purified by applying column chromatography using CH₂Cl₂ as eluent. The introduction of the trifluorosulfonyl-group was performed by adding dropwise triflic anhydride to a mixture of N-Boc-N′-octyloxycarbonylguanidine (0.2 M) and 5 eq DIPEA in CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C. under nitrogen. Following slowly warm-up to room temperature the mixture was stirred for 5-6 h. Finally, the crude product was purified by applying column chromatography using CH₂Cl₂ as eluent.

Attachment of Lipophilic Moieties Procedure A Attachment of Lipophilic Moieties to Selectively Deprotected Linear Peptides on Resin:

To remove alloc-protecting groups from amino functions present in the resin bound peptide the latter (0.04 mMol) was swollen in 5 mL of freshly distilled CH₂Cl₂ for at least min followed by adding 0.2 eq tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)palladium(o) (10 mM) in dry CH₂Cl₂ and 10 eq phenylsilane. After shaking the reaction mixture for 15 min at room temperature, the resin was filtered off and a fresh solution of reagents was added to repeat the procedure. Following subsequent washing of the resin with CH₂Cl₂, DMF and Et₂O, the resin was swollen again in CH₂Cl₂ and the attachment of a lipophilic moiety-bearing acid was accomplished by subsequently adding 3 eq of the desired acid dissolved in 0.5 mL DMF/CH₂Cl₂, 6 eq of DIPEA and 3 eq of PyBOP® dissolved in 0.5 mL DMF allowing the reaction mixture to stand for 1 h disrupted only by occasionally stirring. After filtration and washing of the resin three times with mL DMF, the coupling was completed by repeating the procedure with a fresh solution of reagents.

Lipophilic moiety-containing acids used to be coupled by the above described protocol were fatty acids like octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 4-octyloxybenzoic acid, 4-dodecyl-oxybenzoic acid, adamantoic acid, lipophilic moiety-bearing glutamic acids like 4-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-4-dodecanoyl-amino-butyric acid, 4-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-4-tetradecanoyl-amino-butyric acid, 4-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-4-hexadecanoyl-amino-butyric acid or N-Boc-N′-octyloxycarbonyl-N″-tri-fluoromethanesulfonylguanidine.

Procedure B Attachment of Lipophilic Moieties to Backbone Cyclized Peptides in Solution:

Lipophilic moiety-bearing acids like glycocholic acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, or 3-cyano-4-fluoro-benzoic acid, were coupled by dissolving 2 μmol (4 mM) of the backbone cyclized peptide having a liberated amino group in 0.5 mL PBS-buffer (pH -8) and adding 4 μmol (2 eq, 8 mM) of one of the above listed acids dissolved in acetonitrile at ° C. The mixture was stirred additionally for 3 h at 0° C. and, if ivDde-protecting groups were still present in the peptide, 200 μL of 5% hydrazine in DMF were added. Finally, the mixture was allowed to be stirred 2 h at room temperature.

Cyclization and Work Up of Backbone Cyclized Peptides Cleavage of the Fully Protected Peptide Fragment

After completion of the synthesis, the resin (0.04 mMol) was suspended in 1 mL (0.13 mMol, 3.4 eq) of 1% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) for 3 minutes, filtered, and the filtrate was neutralized with 1 mL (0.58 mMol, 14.6 eq) of 10% DIEA in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v). This procedure was repeated three times to ensure completion of the cleavage. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and a sample of the product was fully deprotected by using a cleavage mixture containing 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 2.5% water and 2.5% triisopropylsilane (TIS) to be analyzed by reverse phase-HPLC(C₁₈ column) and ESI-MS to monitor the efficiency of the linear peptide synthesis.

Cyclization of the Linear Peptide

The fully protected linear peptide (0.04 mMol) was dissolved in DMF (4 μMol/mL). Then 30.4 mg (0.08 mMol, 2 eq) of HATU, 10.9 mg (0.08 mMol, 2 eq) of HOAt and 28 μl (0.16 mMol, 4 eq) DIEA were added, and the mixture was vortexed at 25° C. for 16 hours and subsequently concentrated under high vacuum. The residue was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O/CH₃CN (90/10: v/v). The CH₂Cl₂ phase was evaporated to yield the fully protected cyclic peptide.

Full Deprotection of the Cyclic Peptide

The cyclic peptide obtained was dissolved in 3 mL of the cleavage mixture containing 82.5% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 5% water, 5% thioanisole, 5% phenol and 2.5% ethanedithiole (EDT). The mixture was allowed to stand at 25° C. for 2.5 hours and thereafter concentrated under vacuum. After precipitation of the cyclic fully deprotected peptide in diethylether (Et₂O) at 0° C. the solid was washed twice with Et₂O and dried.

Formation of Disulfide β-Strand Linkage and Purification

After full deprotection, the crude peptide was dissolved in 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer (1 mg/1 mL, pH=7-8). DMSO (up to 5% by volume) was added and the solution was shaken overnight. Following evaporation the residue was purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.

Analytical Method 1:

Analytical HPLC retention times (RT, in minutes) were determined using an Xbridge C18 2.5 μm column with the following solvents A (H₂O+0.1% TFA) and B (CH₃CN+0.09% TFA) and the gradient: 0 min: 97% A, 3% B; 2.7 min: 3% A, 97% B; 2.71-3.0 min: 3% A, 97% B; 3.05 min: 97% A, 3% B; 3.06-3.3 min: 97% A, 3% B.

Analytical Method 2:

Analytical HPLC retention times (RT, in minutes) were determined using an Xbridge C18 2.5 μm column with the following solvents A (H₂O+0.1% TFA) and B (CH₃CN+0.09% TFA) and the gradient: 0 min: 97% A, 3% B; 3.0 min: 3% A, 97% B; 3.01-3.6 min: 3% A, 97% B; 3.7 min: 97% A, 3% B; 3.71-4.3 min: 97% A, 3% B.

Example 1 as shown in Table 1 was synthesized starting with the amino acid Dab(Xaa²), which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Dab(Alloc)-O-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptide was synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Dab²-Xaa¹-Xaa¹⁶-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa⁹-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁴-Xaa³. Thereafter procedure A was applied to attach the dodecanoyl moiety to the side chain of Dab². Following a final Fmoc deprotection as described above, the peptide was cleaved from the resin, cyclized, deprotected and after formation of the disulfide β-strand linkage purified as indicated above.

The HPLC-retention time (minutes) was determined using the analytical method 1 as described above.

Examples 18 and 21 as shown in Table 1 were synthesized starting with the amino acid Ser(Xaa⁵), which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-O-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Ser⁵-Xaa⁴-Xaa³-Xaa²-Xaa²-Xaa¹⁶-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa⁹-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁶. Following a final Fmoc deprotection as described above, the peptides were cleaved from the resin, cyclized and deprotected. Thereafter procedure B was applied for Ex. 18 to attach the tetradecanoyl moiety to the side chain of Lys¹³ and for Ex. 21 to attach the octadecanoyl moiety to the side chain of Lys¹³. After formation of the disulfide β-strand linkage the peptides were purified as indicated above.

HPLC-retention times (minutes) were determined using the analytical method 1 as described above.

Examples 34 and 35 as shown in Table 1 were synthesized starting with the amino acid ^(D)Pro (Xaa'), which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-^(D)Pro-O-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-_(D)Pro⁷-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁴-Xaa³-Xaa²-Xaa¹-Xaa¹⁶-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa⁹-Xaa⁸. Thereafter procedure A was applied for Ex. 35 to attach the adamantanoyl moiety to the side chain of Lys¹⁴. Following a final Fmoc deprotection as described above, the peptides were cleaved from the resin, cyclized and deprotected. Thereafter Procedure B was applied for Ex. 34 to attach the glycocholyl moiety to the side chain of Lys¹⁴. After formation of the disulfide β-strand linkages the peptides were purified as indicated above.

HPLC-retention times (minutes) were determined using the analytical method 1 as described above.

Example 6 as shown in Table 1 was synthesized starting with the amino acid Dab(Xaa⁸), which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Dab(Boc)-O-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptide was synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Dab⁸-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁴-Xaa³-Xaa²-Xaa¹-Xaa¹⁶-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa⁹. Thereafter Procedure A was applied to attach the octyloxycarbonylaminoyl moiety to the side chain of Orn⁹. Following a final Fmoc deprotection as described above, the peptide was cleaved from the resin, cyclized, deprotected and after formation of the disulfide β-strand linkage purified as indicated above.

The HPLC-retention time (minutes) was determined using the gradient method 1 as described above.

Examples 10 and 11 as shown in Table 1 were synthesized starting with the amino acid Dab(Xaa¹³), which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Dab(Alloc)-O-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Dab¹³-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa⁹-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁴-Xaa³-Xaa²-Xaa¹-Xaa¹⁶-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁴. Thereafter procedure A was applied for Ex. 10 to attach the decanoyl moiety to the side chain of Dab¹³ whereas for Ex. 11 the attachment of the dodecanoyl moiety to the side chain of Dab¹³ was carried out. Following a final Fmoc deprotection as described above, the peptides were cleaved from the resin, cyclized and deprotected. After formation of the disulfide β-strand linkages the peptides were purified as indicated above.

HPLC-retention times (minutes) were determined using the gradient method 1 as described above.

Examples 13, 14 and 23 as shown in Table 1 were synthesized starting with the amino acid Lys(Xaa¹³), which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)-O-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Lys¹³-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa⁹-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁴-Xaa³-Xaa²-Xaa¹-Xaa¹⁶-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁴. Thereafter procedure A was applied for Ex. 13 to attach the octanoyl moiety to the side chain of Lys¹³, for Ex. 14 to attach the decanoyl moiety to the side chain of Lys¹³, whereas for Ex. 23 the attachment of the 4′-octyloxybenzoyl moiety to the side chain of Lys¹³ as well was carried out. Following a final Fmoc deprotection as described above, the peptides were cleaved from the resin, cyclized and deprotected. After formation of the disulfide β-strand linkages the peptides were purified as indicated above.

HPLC-retention times (minutes) were determined using the gradient method 1 as described above.

Examples 2-5, 7-9, 12, 15-17, 19-20, 22, 24-33 and 36 as shown in Table 1 were synthesized starting with the amino acid Pro (Xaa¹⁶), which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-ProO-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Pro¹⁶-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa⁹-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁴-Xaa³-Xaa²-Xaa¹.

For Ex. 2, 8-9, 20, 30-31 and 36 the lipophilic moiety-containing amino acid building blocks were readily available and incorporated as follows: (2S)-2-aminotetradecanoic acid as Xaa³ for Ex. 2, (2S)-2-aminododecanoic acid as Xaa¹³ for Ex. 8, (2R)-2-aminododecanoic acid as Xaa¹³ for Ex. 9, Lys(1T-hexadecanoyl) as Xaa¹³ for Ex. 20, Ser(O-decyl) as Xaa¹³ for Ex. 30 and Gln(N^(ε)-adamantyl) as Xaa¹³ for Ex. 31 and Xaa'⁴ for Ex. 36. Tyr(O-dedecyl) as Xaa¹⁰ for Ex. 7 was synthesized afore as described above. For Ex. 3-5, 12, 15-17, 19, 22, 24, 25-29 and 32 Procedure A was applied: The octanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys³ (Ex. 3), the hexadecanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of ^(D)4AmPyrr1⁷ (Ex. 4), the dodecanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Dab⁸ (Ex. 5), the octanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ (Ex. 12), the decanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ of Ex. 15 and Ex. 16, the dodecanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ (Ex. 17), the tetradecanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ (Ex. 19), the octadecanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ (Ex. 22), the 4′-dodecyloxybenzoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ (Ex. 24), the (4S)-4-carboxy-4-dodecanoylamino-butanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ of Ex. 25-27, the (4S)-4-carboxy-4-tetradecanoylamino-butanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ (Ex. 28), the (4S) 4-carboxy-4-hexadecanoyl-amino-butanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹³ (Ex. 29) and the octanoyl moiety was attached to the side chain of Lys¹⁴ (Ex. 32). Following a final Fmoc deprotection as described above, the peptides were cleaved from the resin, cyclized and deprotected. Thereafter Procedure B was applied for Ex. 33 to attach the glycocholyl moiety to the side chain of Lys¹⁴. After formation of the disulfide β-strand linkages the peptides were purified as indicated above.

HPLC-retention times (minutes) were determined using the analytical method 1 as described above except for Ex. 20. For the latter analytical method 2 was applied.

TABLE 1 Examples (Ex.) Ex. Seq ID Xaa¹ Xaa² Xaa³ Xaa⁴ Xaa⁵ Xaa⁶ Xaa⁷ Xaa⁸  1. Seq ID No: 1 Tyr Dab Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab (N^(γ)dd)  2. Seq ID No: 2 Tyr His 2Amtd-OH Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab  3. Seq ID No: 3 Tyr His Lys  Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab (N^(ε)o)  4. Seq ID No: 4 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)p4AmPyrr1 Dab (hd)  5. Seq ID No: 5 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab (N^(γ)dd)  6. Seq ID No: 6 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab  7. Seq ID No: 7 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab  8. Seq ID No: 8 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab  9. Seq ID No: 9 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 10. Seq ID No: 10 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 11. Seq ID No: 11 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 12. Seq ID No: 12 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 13. Seq ID No: 13 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 14. Seq ID No: 14 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Tyr Dab 15. Seq ID No: 15 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Dab 16. Seq ID No: 16 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 17. Seq ID No: 17 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 18. Seq ID No: 18 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 19. Seq ID No: 19 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 20. Seq ID No: 20 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 21. Seq ID No: 21 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 22. Seq ID No: 22 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 23. Seq ID No: 23 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 24. Seq ID No: 24 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 25. Seq ID No: 25 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 26. Seq ID No: 26 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 27. Seq ID No: 27 Tyr His Ala Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Dab 28. Seq ID No: 28 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 29. Seq ID No: 29 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 30. Seq ID No: 30 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Dab 31. Seq ID No: 31 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Dab 32. Seq ID No: 32 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 33. Seq ID No: 33 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Dab 34. Seq ID No: 34 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Dab 35. Seq ID No: 35 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Dab 36. Seq ID No: 36 Tyr His Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Dab Ex. Seq ID Xaa⁹ Xaa¹⁰ Xaa¹¹ Xaa¹² Xaa¹³ Xaa¹⁴ Xaa¹⁵ Xaa¹⁶  1. Seq ID No: 1 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro  2. Seq ID No: 2 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro  3. Seq ID No: 3 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro  4. Seq ID No: 4 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro  5. Seq ID No: 5 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro  6. Seq ID No: 6 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ω)ooxca)  7. Seq ID No: 7 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (Odd)  8. Seq ID No: 8 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr 2Amdd-OH Lys ^(D)Pro Pro  9. Seq ID No: 9 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr ^(D)2Amdd-OH Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 10. Seq ID No: 10 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Dab(N^(γ)d) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 11. Seq ID No: 11 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Dab(N^(γ)dd) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 12. Seq ID No: 12 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)o) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 13. Seq ID No: 13 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)o) Lys ^(D)Tyr Pro 14. Seq ID No: 14 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)d) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 15. Seq ID No: 15 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)d) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 16. Seq ID No: 16 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)d) Lys ^(D)Tyr Pro 17. Seq ID No: 17 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)dd) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 18. Seq ID No: 18 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)td) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 19. Seq ID No: 19 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)td) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 20. Seq ID No: 20 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)hd) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 21. Seq ID No: 21 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)16OHhd) 22. Seq ID No: 22 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys(N^(ε)od) Lys ^(D)Pro Pro 23. Seq ID No: 23 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)4ooxbe) 24. Seq ID No: 24 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)4ddoxbe) 25. Seq ID No: 25 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd) 26. Seq ID No: 26 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd) 27. Seq ID No: 27 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd) 28. Seq ID No: 28 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)γgluN^(α)td) 29. Seq ID No: 29 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Lys Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)γluN^(α)hd) 30. Seq ID No: 30 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Ser(Od) Gln ^(D)Pro Pro 31. Seq ID No: 31 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln(N^(ω)ada) Gln ^(D)Pro Pro 32. Seq ID No: 32 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)o) 33. Seq ID No: 33 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)glcho) 34. Seq ID No: 34 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)glcho) 35. Seq ID No: 35 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Lys ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ε)ado) 36. Seq ID No: 36 Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Gln ^(D)Pro Pro (N^(ω)ad) Cys in Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹ in Ex. 1-36 form a disulfide bridge.

TABLE 2 Ex. Purity [%]^(a)) (M + 2H)/2 RT 1 93 1040.1 1.68 2 93 1044.4 1.58 3 95 1024.2 1.48 4 95 1087.9 1.76 5 95 1058.7 1.69 6 95 1056.9 1.62 7 95 1051.6 1.80 8 95 1048.1 1.53 9 88 1001.9 1.61 10 95 1030.8 1.57 11 95 1044.7 1.66 12 95 1041.9 1.53 13 95 1075.1 1.54 14 95 1092.6 1.60 15 71 1052.4 1.64 16 95 1092.3 1.63 17 95 1058.7 1.72 18 95 1083.9 1.86 19 95 1072.8 1.81 20 95 1097.7 2.47 21 95 1106.3 1.72 22 95 1112.1 2.06 23 95 1083.4 1.73 24 95 1123.2 1.97 25 95 1134.7 1.74 26 95 1123.2 1.70 27 95 1116.1 1.66 28 95 1148.7 1.85 29 95 1162.7 1.95 30 95 1024.9 1.69 31 95 1042.7 1.54 32 95 1051.4 1.63 33 95 1212.1 1.68 34 93 1199.0 1.63 35 95 1056.4 1.55 36 95 1042.2 1.58 ^(a))%-purity of compounds after prep. HPLC.

2. Biological Methods 2.1. Preparation of the Peptides

Lyophilized peptides were weighed on a Microbalance (Mettler MT5) and dissolved in DMSO to a final concentration of 10 mM. Stock solutions were kept at +4° C., light protected. The biological assays were carried out under assay conditions having less than 1% DMSO unlike indicated otherwise.

2.2. Cell Culture

Mouse pre-B cells were cultured in RPMI1640 plus 5% FBS, antibiotic/antimycotic, non essential amino acid, 50 μM p-mercaptoethanol and 1 mM natrium pyruvate. HELA cells were maintained in RPMI1640 plus 10% FBS, pen/strept and 2 mM L-glutamine. Cos-7 cells were grown in DMEM medium with 4500 mg/mL glucose supplemented with 10% FCS, pen/strept and 2 mM L-glutamine. All cell lines were grown at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. Cell media, media supplements, PBS-buffer, HEPES, antibiotic/antimycotic, pen/strept, non essential amino acid, L-glutamine, p-mercaptoethanol and sera were purchased from Gibco (Pailsey, UK). All fine chemicals were supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

2.3. Ca²⁺-Assay: CXCR4-Antagonizing Activity of the Peptides

Increases in intracellular calcium were monitored using a Flexstation 384 (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.) to assay the peptides for CXCR4 antagonism in a mouse pre-B cell line 300-19 stably transfected with human CXCR4 (E. Oberlin, A. Amara, F. Bachelerie, C. Bessia, J.-L. Virelizier, F. Arenzana-Seisdedos, O, Schwartz, J.-M. Heard, I. Clark-Lewis, D. F. Legler, M. Loetscher, M. Baggiolini, B. Moser, Nature 1996, 382, 833-835; M. Loetscher, T. Geiser, T. O'Reilly, R. Zwalen, M. Baggiolini, B. Moser, J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 232-237; M. D'Apuuo, A. Rolink, M. Loetscher, J. A. Hoxie, I. Clark-Lewis, F. Melchors, M. Baggiolini, B. Moser, Eur. J. Immunol. 1997, 27, 1788-1793). The cells were batch loaded with the Calcium 4 Assay kit (Molecular Devices) in assay buffer (Hanks Balanced salt solution [HBSS], 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.1% BSA) for 1 h at room temperature and labeled cells were dispensed into black well assays plates (Costar No. 3603). Calcium mobilization induced by stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was measured in the Flexstation 384 (excitation: 485 nm; emission: 525 nm) for 90 seconds. Antagonist activity of peptides was determined by spiking the cells with compounds prior to SDF-1 addition. Dose response curves (compound concentration versus % maximum response for SDF-1) were determined for each antagonist and IC₅₀ values were calculated by fitting the data to a four parameter logistic equation using SoftmaxPro 4.8 (Molecular Devices).

2.4. Cytotoxicity Assay

The cytotoxicity of the peptides to HELA cells (Acc57) and COS-7 cells (CRL-1651) was determined using the MTT reduction assay (T. Mossman, J. Immunol. Meth. 1983, 65, 55-63; M. V. Berridge, A. S. Tan, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1993, 303, 474-482). Briefly, the method was as follows: 4000 HELA cells/well and 3400 COS-7 cells/well were seeded and grown in 96-well microtiter plates for 24 h at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. Thereafter, time zero (Tz) was determined by MTT reduction (see below). The supernatant of the remaining wells was discarded, and fresh medium and compounds in serial dilutions (12.5, 25 and 50 μM, triplicates) were pipetted into the wells. After incubation of the cells for 48 h at 37° C. at 5% CO₂ the supernatant was discarded again and 100 μL MTT reagent (0.5 mg/mL in RPMI1640 and DMEM, respectively)/well was added. Following incubation at 37° C. for 2-4 h the media were aspirated and the cells were spiked (100 μL isopropanol/well). The absorbance of the solubilized formazan was measured at 595 nm (OD₅₉₅peptide). For each concentration averages were calculated from triplicates. The percentage of growth was calculated as follows: (OD₅₉₅peptide-OD₅₉₅Tz-OD₅₉₅Empty well)/(OD₅₉₅Tz-OD₅₉₅Empty well)×100%. The GI₅₀ (Growth Inhibition) concentrations were calculated for each peptide by using a trend line function for the concentrations (50, 25, 12.5 and 0 μM), the corresponding percentages and the value 50, (=TREND (C₅₀: C_(o), %₅₀:%₀,50).

2.5. Hemolysis

The peptides were tested for their hemolytic activity against human red blood cells (hRBC). Fresh hRBC were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and centrifuged for 10 min at 2000×g. Compounds (100 μM) were incubated with 20% hRBC(v/v) for 1 h at 37° C. and shaking at 300 rpm. The final erythrocyte concentration was approximately 0.9×10⁹ cells/mL. A value of 0% and 100% cell lyses, respectively, was determined by incubation of hRBC in the presence of PBS containing 0.001% acetic acid and 2.5% Triton X-100 in H₂O, respectively. The samples were centrifuged, the supernatants were 8-fold diluted in PBS buffer and the optical densities (OD) were measured at 540 nm. The 100% lyses value (OD₅₄₀H₂O) gave an OD₅₄₀ of approximately 0.5-1.0.

Percent hemolysis was calculated as follows:

(OD₅₄₀peptide/OD₅₄₀H₂O)×100%.

2.6. Plasma Stability

The stability of the peptides in human and mouse plasma was determined by applying the following method: 346.5 μL/deep well of freshly thawed human plasma (Basler Blutspende-dienst) and mouse plasma (Harlan Sera-Lab, UK), respectively, were spiked with 3.5 μL/well of compound dissolved in DMSO/H₂O (90/1 [v/v], 1 mM, triplicate) and incubated at 37° C. At t=0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 1440 min aliquots of 50 μL were transferred to filtration plate wells containing 150 μL/well of 2% formic acid in acetonitrile. Following shaking for 2 min the occurred suspensions were filtrated by vacuum and 50 μL of each filtrate was mixed with 100 μL of 1% formic acid in H₂O. After transfer to a propylene microtiter plate, the filtrates were analyzed by LC/MS as follows: Column: Waters, XBridge C18, mobile phases: (A) water+0.1% formic acid and (B) acetonitrile/water, 95/5 (v/v)+0.1% formic acid, gradient: 5%-100% (B) in 2 minutes, electrospray ionization, MRM detection (triple quadrupole). The peak areas were determined and triplicate values are averaged. The stability is expressed in percent of the initial value at t=0. (tx/t0×100). By using the TREND function of EXCEL (Microsoft Office 2003) T1/2 were determined.

The results of the experiments described under 2.3-2.6 are indicated in the Tables 3, 4 and 5 below.

2.7. Pharmacokinetic Study (PK)

Pharmacokinetic study after intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration was performed for the compounds of Ex. 17, Ex. 20, Ex. 25, Ex. 26, Ex. 28, and Ex. 29. 30 grams (±20%) The compounds of Ex. 17, Ex. 25, Ex. 26, Ex. 28, and Ex. 29 were administered i.v. and s.c. as a cassette whereas for the compound of Ex. 20a single i.v. and s.c. administration was accomplished.

30 grams (±20%) male CD-1 mice obtained from Janvier, France, were used in the study testing the cassette compounds. The vehicle, phosphate buffered saline containing 5% DMSO, was added to give a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL of the compounds (i.v. route and s.c. route). The volume was 2 mL/kg i.v. and 10 mL/kg s.c. and the cassette compounds were injected to give a final intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg and an subcutaneous dose of 5 mg/kg. Approximately 500 μL of blood were removed from the opened heart at predetermined time intervals (5, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours for the i.v. study and 5, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours for the s.c. study) and added to heparinized tubes. Plasma was removed from pelleted cells upon centrifugation and frozen at −80° C. prior to HPLC-MS analysis. For the compound of Ex. 20 30 grams (±20%) male CD-1 mice obtained from Charles River Laboratories Deutschland GmbH were used. The vehicle, phosphate buffered saline, was added to give a final concentration of 0.2 mg/mL of the compound (i.v. route) and 1 mg/mL (s.c. route). The volume was 5 mL/kg i.v. and s.c. and the compound was injected to give a final intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg and an subcutaneous dose of 5 mg/kg. Approximately 300-400 μL of blood was removed under light isoflurane anesthesia by cardiac puncture at predetermined time intervals (5, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 hours for the i.v. study and 15, min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours for the s.c. study) and added to heparinized tubes. Plasma was removed from pelleted cells upon centrifugation and frozen at −80° C. prior to HPLC-MS analysis.

Preparation of the Plasma Calibration Samples

“Blank” mouse plasma from untreated animals was used. Aliquots of plasma of 0.2 mL each were spiked with 50 ng of propranolol (Internal Standard, IS), (sample preparation by solid phase extraction on OASIS® HLB cartridges [Waters]) and with known amounts of Ex. 20 in order to obtain 9 plasma calibration samples in the range 10-5000 nM. The OASIS® HLB cartridges were conditioned with 1 mL of methanol and then with 1 mL of 1% NH₃ in water. Samples were then diluted with 700 μL of 1% NH₃ in water and loaded. The plate was washed with 1 mL of methanol/1% NH₃ in water 5/95 (v/v). Elution was performed using 1 mL of 0.1% TFA in methanol.

The plate containing eluates was introduced into the concentrator system and taken to dryness. The residues were dissolved in 100 μL of formic acid 0.1%/acetonitrile, 95/5 (v/v) and analysed in the HPLC/MS on a reverse phase analytical column (Jupiter C18, 50×2.0 mm, 5 μm, Phenomenex), using gradient elution (mobile phases A: 0.1% formic acid in water, B: acetonitrile; from 5% B to 100% B in 2 min.).

Preparation of Plasma Samples

Samples coming from animal treatments were pooled in order to obtain an appropriate volume for the extraction. If the total volume obtained was less than 0.2 mL the appropriate amount of “blank” mouse plasma was added in order to keep the matrix identical to the calibration curve. Samples were than spiked with IS and processed as described for the calibration curve.

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation

In order to perform PK analysis pooled plasma data (n=3 mice) was used. PK parameters were calculated by WinNonLin™ software version 5.2.1 (Pharsight-A Certara™ Company, Mountain View, Calif. 94041 USA) using non-compartmental analysis with a linear up/log down trapezoidal calculation method. For the terminal elimination phase at least 3 time points and a correlation coefficient greater than 0.85 was used. For plasma concentration curves with strong deviation from a linear correlation in a semi-logarithmic plot the last two time points were selected.

Bioavailability was calculated by the ratio of the dose-corrected AUCs (AUC_(0-∞ dcor).) of the s.c. route over the corresponding AUC from the i.v. route and is expressed in percent.

The results of the experiments described in 2.7 are indicated in Tables 6 and 7 herein below.

TABLE 3 Ex. IC50% [nM] ± SD, CXCR4 receptor 1  94 ± 2.1 2 55.8 ± 6   3 19.4 ± 13  4 7.2 ± 0.7 5 95.5 ± 12  6 28.5 ± 9   7 59.8 ± 27  8 21.9 ± 7.3  9 91.3 ± 19  10 8.1 ± 0.9 11 7.3 ± 4.7 12 1.8 ± 1  13 6.3 ± 2.7 14 40.8 ± 12  15 11.2 ± 4   16 18.2 ± 11  17 2.8 ± 0.4 18 15.7 ± 3.9  19 9.1 ± 4.2 20 4.0 ± 1.8 21 6.4 ± 1.3 22 7.3 ± 3  23 8.3 ± 3.2 24 6.1 ± 4.5 25 3.5 ± 0.1 26 2.4 ± 0.5 27 2.6 ± 0.7 28 2.1 ± 0.1 29 1.9 ± 0.8 30 55.1 ± 19  31 3.0 ± 1  32 109.5 ± 49   33 146.1 ± 51.6  34 7.2 ± 0.3 35 11.7 ± 2   36 28.3 ± 12 

TABLE 4 Cytotoxicity Hela Cos-7 Cells Cells Hemolysis at Ex. GI₅₀ [μM] GI₅₀ [μM] 100 μM [%] 1 >28 >50 2.6 2 >13 >32 1.7 3 >45 >50 0.6 4 >50 >50 0.8 5 >50 >43 0.3 6 >10 >35 0.7 7 >35 >50 11.5 8 >26 >44 1.6 9 >13 >50 2.2 10 >50 >50 1.0 11 >29 >50 0.7 12 >50 >50 0.2 13 >50 >50 1.2 14 >50 >50 0.6 15 >50 >40 0.6 16 >50 >50 0.5 17 >44 >50 4.3 18 >25 >50 9.2 19 >32 >50 1.2 20 >31 >50 9.1 21 >50 >50 9.6 22 >35 >50 9.6 23 >22 >50 7.8 24 >29 >50 10.9 25 >43 >50 1.0 26 >50 >50 1.2 27 >48 >50 1.6 28 >39 >50 1.9 29 >47 >50 5.4 30 >50 >50 5.5 31 >37 >50 1.3 32 >24 >50 1.7 33 >18 >50 0.7 34 >45 >50 0.6 35 >50 >30 0.2 36 >50 >50 0.2

TABLE 5 Plasma stability human pl. mouse pl. human pl. cpd left at mouse pl. cpd left at Ex. T_(1/2) [min] 1440 min [%] T_(1/2) [min] 1440 min [%] 1 1440 87 1440 77 2 1440 96 1402 62 3 1440 86 1440 86 4 315 66 1440 62 5 1440 100 1440 73 6 1440 76 1440 92 7 1440 67 1440 87 8 1440 79 1440 82 9 1440 100 1440 76 10 1440 85 1440 63 11 1440 82 n.d. n.d. 12 1440 88  420 46 13 1440 100 1345 72 14 1440 91  565 23 15 1440 73 n.d. n.d. 16 1192 48  619 35 17 1440 65 1170 59 18 1440 71 1440 78 19 1440 99 1440 76 20 1440 54 1440 83 21 1115 49 1440 63 22 1440 72 1440 82 23 1440 100 1440 74 24 127 24  556 22 25 1440 78 1440 74 26 1440 82 1440 65 27 1440 75 1440 22 28 1147 80 1440 78 29 1440 74 1440 53 30 1440 54 n.d. n.d. 31 1440 68 n.d. n.d. 32 777 39 n.d. n.d. 33 1223 61 n.d. n.d. 34 1440 100 1440 87 35 1440 63 n.d. n.d. 36 1391 53 n.d. n.d. n.d. = not determined

TABLE 6 a Ex. 17 Ex. 25 Ex. 26 i.v. route i.v. route i.v. route Dose: 1 mg/kg Dose: 1 mg/kg Dose: 1 mg/kg Calc. Num. of Calc. Num. of Calc. Num. of Time Conc. anim. Conc. anim. Conc. anim. [h] [ng/mL] pool. [ng/mL] pool. [ng/mL] pool. 0.083 2640 3 2970 3 3467 3 0.25 2027 3 2190 3 2527 3 0.5 1563 3 1987 3 1980 3 1 1290 3 1597 3 1540 3 2 178 3 160 3 219 3 4 141 3 180 3 98 3 8 15 3 18 3 10 3 12 8 3 16 3 bql 3 Ex. 28 Ex. 29 Ex. 20 i.v. route i.v. route i.v. route Dose: 1 mg/kg Dose: 1 mg/kg Dose: 1 mg/kg Calc. Num. of Calc. Num. of Calc. Num. of Time Conc. anim. Conc. anim. Conc. anim. [h] [ng/mL] pool. [ng/mL] pool. [ng/mL] pool. 0.083 2817 3 2317 3 777 3 0.25 2123 3 1823 3 1521 3 0.5 2030 3 1730 3 2210 3 1 1673 3 1503 3 1377 3 2 114 3 87 3 992 3 3 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 638 3 4 148 3 114 3 486 3 6 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 234 3 8 34 3 35 3 n.d. n.d. 12 17 3 16 3 13 3 b Ex. 17 Ex. 25 Ex. 26 s.c. route s.c. route s.c. route Dose: 5 mg/kg Dose: 5 mg/kg Dose: 5 mg/kg Calc. Num. of Calc. Num. of Calc. Num. of Time Conc. anim. Conc. anim. Conc. anim. [h] [ng/mL] pool. [ng/mL] pool. [ng/mL] pool. 0.25 140 3 44 3 221 3 0.5 450 3 205 3 779 3 1 874 3 517 3 1747 3 2 1753 3 2187 3 3987 3 4 1410 3 1643 3 2527 3 8 1237 3 1890 3 1597 3 12 567 3 1207 3 524 3 24 65 3 108 3 23 3 Ex. 28 Ex. 29 Ex. 20 s.c. route s.c. route s.c. route Dose: 5 mg/kg Dose: 5 mg/kg Dose: 5 mg/kg Calc. Num. of Calc. Num. of Calc. Num. of Time Conc. anim. Conc. anim. Conc. anim. [h] [ng/mL] pool. [ng/mL] pool. [ng/mL] pool. 0.25 16 3 9 3 bql 3 0.5 73 3 41 3 70 3 1 232 3 137 3 342 3 2 1520 3 1052 3 868 3 4 1270 3 958 3 1703 3 6 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 2803 3 8 1900 3 1603 3 2860 3 12 1607 3 1427 3 3043 3 24 164 3 175 3 179 3 bql below quantifiable limit n.d. not determined

TABLE 7 a i.v. route Ex. 17 Ex. 25 Ex. 26 Dose [mg/kg] 1 1 1 AUC_(0-∞) [ng*h/mL] 2950.8 3480.0 3395.6 AUC_(0-∞ dcor.) [kg*ng*h/mg/mL] 2950.8 3480.0 3395.6 C_(max) [ng/mL] 2640.0 2970.0 3467.0 C_(max dcor.) [kg* ng/mg/mL] 2640.0 2970.0 3467.0 T_(max) [h] 0.1 0.1 0.1 Half-life [h] 2.0 2.5 1.3 i.v. route Ex. 28 Ex. 29 Ex. 20 Dose [mg/kg] 1 1 1 AUC_(0-∞) [ng*h/mL] 3430.8 2945.0 5504.8 AUC_(0-∞ dcor.) [kg*ng*h/mg/mL] 3430.8 2945.0 5504.8 C_(max) [ng/mL] 2817.0 2317.0 2210.0 C_(max dcor.) [kg* ng/mg/mL] 2817.0 2317.0 2210.0 T_(max) [h] 0.1 0.1 0.5 Half-life [h] 3.2 3.6 2.0 b s.c. route Ex. 17 Ex. 25 Ex. 26 Dose [mg/kg] 5 5 5 AUC_(0-∞) [ng*h/mL] 16789.5 24723.3 24033.0 AUC_(0-∞ dcor.) [kg*ng*h/mg/mL] 3357.9 4944.7 4806.6 C_(max) [ng/mL] 1753.0 2187.0 3987.0 C_(max dcor.) [kg* ng/mg/mL] 350.6 437.4 797.4 T_(max) [h] 2.0 2.0 2.0 Half-life [h] 4.3 4.7 2.9 Bioavailability [%] 113.8 142.1 141.6 s.c. route Ex. 28 Ex. 29 Ex. 20 Dose [mg/kg] 5 5 5 AUC_(0-∞) [ng*h/mL] 25687.2 22181.1 38154.2 AUC_(0-∞ dcor.) [kg*ng*h/mg/mL] 5137.4 4436.2 7630.8 C_(max) [ng/mL] 1900.0 1603.0 3043.3 C_(max dcor.) [kg* ng/mg/mL] 380.0 320.6 608.7 T_(max) [h] 8.0 8.0 12.0 Half-life [h] 4.3 4.7 2.9 Bioavailability [%] 149.7 150.6 138.6 dcor. dose corrected Note: values above 100% of bioavailability observed at the s.c. route may partially reflect an impaired reliability caused by the limited number of points or caused by tissue deposition 

1. Compounds of the general Cyclo(-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-), wherein Xaa¹ is Gly, NMeGly, Leu, Val, Ser, Asp, Glu or an amino acid residue of type D as defined herein below, Xaa² is His, Tyr, Arg, Lys or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa³ is Ala, Cha, Tyr, Thr, Cit, Gln or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹ are amino acid residues, taken together, forming a group of type H as defined herein below, Xaa⁵ is Ser, Arg, Dab, Dap or the D-isomer of an amino acid residue of type F as defined herein below, Xaa⁶ is Ala or Gly, Xaa⁷ is -A-CO— as defined herein below or the D-isomer of an amino acid residue of type D as defined herein below, Xaa⁸ is Dab, Arg, Tyr, His, Thr or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa⁹ is Arg or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa¹⁰ is an amino acid residue of type D as described herein below or an amino acid residue of type O as described herein below, Xaa¹² is Ala, Leu, Lys, Ser, Thr or an amino acid residue of type D as defined herein below, Xaa¹³ is Gln, Thr, Cit or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa¹⁴ is Lys, Orn, Arg, Ala, Gln, Glu or an amino acid residue of type O as defined herein below, Xaa¹⁵ is -A-CO— as defined herein below or the D-isomer of an amino acid residue of type C, or of type D, or of type E, or of type F, as defined herein below or a N-substituted glycine residue of type I as defined herein below, and Xaa¹⁶ is —B—CO— as defined herein below; with the proviso that Cyclo(-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) contains at least one but not more than four amino acid residues of type O as defined herein below, and/or Cyclo(-Xaa¹-Xaa²-Xaa³-Xaa⁴-Xaa⁵-Xaa⁶-Xaa⁷-Xaa⁸-Xaa⁹-Xaa¹⁰-Xaa¹¹-Xaa¹²-Xaa¹³-Xaa¹⁴-Xaa¹⁵-Xaa¹⁶-) contains -A-CO— having a residue designated as “lipophilic moiety” as defined herein below; —B—CO— is Gly, NMeGly or the residue of an L-α-amino acid with B being a residue of formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁷¹)—, or —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)—, or —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)—, or —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)— or —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)— or the enantiomer of one of the groups A1 to A69 and A105 as defined hereinafter; A of -A-CO— is a group of one of the formulae

R¹ is H; lower alkyl; aryl-lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; R² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)R⁷⁷; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)R⁹¹; R³ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶)₂; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(a)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R⁸ is H; Cl; F; CF₃; NO₂; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; ary lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)R⁷⁷ —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁸⁹; R⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹⁰ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(1n)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹³ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶)₂; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SOR⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SOR⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹⁶ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹⁸ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R¹⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; or R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂NR⁸⁹(CH₂)₂—; R²⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or R⁸⁹; R²¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R²² is H lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹>_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R²³ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R²⁴ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R²⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R²⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; or R²⁵ and R²⁶ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r); —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r); —(CH₂)₁NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₁—; or —(CH₂)₁NR⁸⁹(CH₂)_(r); R²⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R²⁸ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹), —OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹), —OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹), NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R²⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR⁸⁹R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ R³³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹), —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹, —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁸⁹R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹), —CONR⁸⁹R⁵⁹, —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)(OR⁸⁹); —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁸⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R³⁴ is H; lower alkyl; aryl, lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁸⁹(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁰ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R⁵⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹), —COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)COOR⁵⁷; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; R⁵⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)₅—COR⁶⁴; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; R⁵⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; R⁵⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; R⁵⁹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁶⁰ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; aryl; R⁶¹ is alkyl; alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷; or —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; R⁶² is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl, aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; R⁶³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl, aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —COR⁶⁴; —COOR⁵⁷; —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —SO₂R⁶²; or —PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; or R³⁴ and R⁶³ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁶⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl, aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁶⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁶⁶; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; R⁶⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl, aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —COR⁵⁷; —COOR⁵⁷; or —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; R⁶⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl, aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; R⁶⁷ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; —CF₃; CN; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂; —OR⁵⁷; —SR⁶²; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁶⁸ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; —CF₃; CN; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂; —OR⁵⁷; —SR⁶²; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁶⁹ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; —CF₃; CN; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂; —OR⁵⁷; —SR⁶²; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁰ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; —CF₃; CN; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂; —OR⁵⁷; —SR⁶²; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷¹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)—(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)PO(OR⁶²)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(a)—C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶; R⁷² is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁵; or —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁵; R⁷³ is —(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; or —(CH₂)_(s)NR²⁰(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; R⁷⁴ is —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NOR⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰—)c(NR⁸⁰ NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(—NOR⁵)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H_(r)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸OCOR⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—, —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; or R⁷⁵ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—, —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—, R⁷⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁷²; —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁷²; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂, —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)COR⁶⁴; R⁷⁷ is —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶ with the proviso that at least two of R⁶⁷, R⁶⁸, R⁶⁹ and R⁷⁰ are H; or a heteroaryl group of one of the formulae

R⁷⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or R⁷⁸ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁷⁹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or R⁷⁸ and R⁷⁹, taken together, can be —(CH₂)₂₋₇—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; ^(or)-(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁸⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁸¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁸² is H; —CF₃; —OCF₃; —OCHF₂; lower alkyl; lower alkyl-aryl; lower alkyl-heteroaryl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; R⁸³ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or —NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; R⁸⁴ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OH; —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SH; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; R⁸⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸⁶ is R⁷⁴; R⁷⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)—CHR³³R⁷⁵; R⁸⁴; —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)—C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)OR⁷⁸; —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)—CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)—NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —[(CH₂)_(u)—X′]_(t)—(CH₂)_(v)SR⁷⁸ where X is —O—, —NR²⁰—, —S—; or —OCOO—, u is 1-3, t is 1-6, and v is 1-3; R⁸⁷ is fatty alkyl; fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl; fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl; fatty alkyl-aryl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkyl-aryl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkyl-aryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-aryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-aryl; fatty alkenyl-aryl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkenyl-aryl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkenyl-aryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-aryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-aryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-aryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkenyl-aryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl; aryl-fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵; aryl-fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶; aryl-fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰; aryl-fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkenyl; aryl-fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵; aryl-fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶; aryl-fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰; aryl-fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-OCONR^(75R82); heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰, heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; adamantyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)R⁹¹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(o)R⁹¹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(o)R⁹¹ —(CH₂)_(s)NR²⁰(CH₂)_(p)R⁹¹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C(λNOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁸⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁷R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁸⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁸)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁸C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁸⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)₁O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰ NR⁷⁹R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)0(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁸C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)^(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁸C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═R⁸⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁸; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁸⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p) C₆H₄NR⁸⁸C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁸⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁸⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁸⁹R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CONR⁸⁹R⁷⁹; or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁸⁹R⁷⁹ R⁸⁸ is —COR⁸⁹; —C OR⁸⁹; —CONR³⁴R⁸⁹; —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCOOR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴COR⁸⁹; —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCOOR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴COR⁸⁹; —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)₅NR³⁴CONR³⁴R⁸⁹; —COCHR⁹⁰NR³⁴COR⁸⁹; —COCHR⁹⁰NR³⁴COOR⁸⁹; —COCHR⁹⁰NR³⁴CONR³⁴R⁸⁹ —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴-choloyl; —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴-chenodeoxycholoyl —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴-deoxycholoyl —SO₂(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴-choloyl; —[CO(CH₂)_(v)—[X′—(CH₂)_(u)]_(t)—NR³⁴]_(t′)—R⁸⁸ where X′ is —O—, —NR²⁰—, —S—; or —OCOO—, t is 1-6, t′ is 1-6, u is 1-3, and v is 1-3 with the proviso that R⁸⁸ is not —[CO(CH₂)_(v)—[X′—(CH₂)_(u)]_(t)—NR³⁴]_(t′)—R⁸⁸; R⁸⁹ is fatty alkyl; fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl; fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl; fatty alkyl-aryl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkyl-aryl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkyl-aryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-aryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-aryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkyl-heteroaryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-aryl; fatty alkenyl-aryl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkenyl-aryl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkenyl-aryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-aryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-aryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-aryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkenyl-aryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-OR⁶⁵; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-SR⁶⁶; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-COOR⁸⁰; fatty alkenyl-heteroaryl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl; aryl-fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵; aryl-fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶; aryl-fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰; aryl-fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkenyl; aryl-fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵; aryl-fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶; aryl-fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; aryl-fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰; aryl-fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-OR⁶⁵; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-SR⁶⁶; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-COOR⁸⁰; heteroaryl-fatty alkyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-OR⁶⁵; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-SR⁶⁶; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-NR⁷⁸R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-NR³⁴CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-COOR⁸⁰; heteroaryl-fatty alkenyl-CONR⁷⁵R⁸²; adamantyl; —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹; with the proviso that at least two of R⁶⁷, R⁶⁸, R⁶⁹ and R⁷⁰ are H, and with the further proviso that R⁸⁹ in —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹ is not —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹; R⁹⁰ is —(CH₂)_(p)COOR³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR³⁴; R⁹¹ is —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹; —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰OR⁸⁹; or —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰NR³⁴R⁸⁹; with the proviso that at least two of R⁶⁷, R⁶⁸, R⁶⁹ and R⁷⁰ are H, and with the further that R⁸⁹ in —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹; —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰OR⁸⁹ or —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰NR³⁴R⁸⁹ is not C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁸⁹; —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰OR⁸⁹ or —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰NR³⁴R⁸⁹; m is 2-4; o is 0-4; p is 1-4; q is 0-2; r is 1 or 2; s is 0 or 1; the amino acid residue of type C is a residue of formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)CO— but not octylglycine; the amino acid residue of type D is a residue of formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)CO—; the amino acid residue of type E is a residue of the formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)CO—; the amino acid residue of type F is a residue of the formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)CO—; the amino acid residue of type His a residue of the one of the formulae —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)-alkylene-CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)-alkenylene-CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)-alkynylene-CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)SS(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CO(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; and —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR²⁰(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; the N-substituted glycine residue of type I is a residue of formula —NR⁸⁶CH₂CO—; the amino acid residue of type O is a residue of formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁷)CO— but not octylglycine; the term “lipophilic moiety” designates a substituent or a part of a substituent comprising a hydrocarbon radical designated as “fatty alkyl” or a hydrocarbon radical designated as “fatty alkenyl” or a radical comprising a cyclopentanophenanthrene skeleton or an adamantyl radical, and the term “fatty” designates a radical having 7 up to 40 carbon atoms; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 2. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein A is a group of one of the formulae A1-A69 and A105; R¹ is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₉₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—); —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)₆PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)₆OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—(where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—(where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(ol)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or hetero aryl-lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(o)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R¹⁰ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰; H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy), R¹¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)₆PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(o)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R¹² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R¹³ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COO⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R¹⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰ ₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R¹⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favoured being —NR²⁰CO-lower alkyl (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R¹⁶ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together fond: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(⁰⁴ ₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). R¹⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q). N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).
 3. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein A is a group of formula

wherein R¹, R²⁰, R⁶⁴, R⁸⁸ and R⁸⁹ are as defined in claim
 1. 4. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein A is a group of one of the formulae A70 to A104; R¹⁸ is lower alkyl; R¹⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(o)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R²¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R²² is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R²³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —NR²⁰CO-lower alkyl (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl) being particularly favoured; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R²⁴ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —NR²⁰CO-lower alkyl (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl) being particularly favoured; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R²⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R²⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(1n)000NR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); or, alternatively, R²⁵ and R²⁶ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; R²⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R²⁸ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N—R²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); and R²⁹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸¹ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸¹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸¹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —NR²⁰CO-lower-alkyl (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl) being particularly favoured; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— (where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).
 5. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein B is a group of formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁷¹)—, or —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)— or —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)— or —NR²OCH(R⁷⁴)— or —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)—, or an enantiomer of one of the groups A5 (with R² being H); A8; A22; A25; A38 (with R² being H); A42; A47 A50 and A105.
 6. Compounds according to claim 5 wherein B—CO is Ala; Arg; Asn; Asp; Cys; Gln; Glu; Gly; His; Ile; Leu; Lys; Met; Phe; Pro; Ser; Thr; Trp; Tyr; Val; Cit; Orn; tBuA; Sar; t-BuG; 4AmPhe; 3AmPhe; 2AmPhe; Phe(mC(NH₂)═NH); Phe(pC(NH₂)═NH); Phe(mNHC (NH₂)═NH); Phe(pNHC(NH₂)═NH); Phg; Cha; C₄al; C₅al; Nle; 2-Nal; 1-Nal; 4Cl-Phe; 3Cl-Phe; 2Cl-Phe; 3,4Cl₂Phe; 4F-Phe; 3F-Phe; 2F-Phe; Tic; Thi; Tza; Mso; AcLys; Dpr; A₂Bu; Dbu; Abu; Aha; Aib; Y(Bzl); Bip; S(Bzl); T(Bzl); hCha; hCys; hSer, hArg; hPhe; Bpa; Pip; OctG; MePhe; MeNle; MeAla; MeIle; MeVal; MeLeu; 4Hyp1; 4Hyp2; 4 Mp1 ; 4Mp2; Oic.
 7. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein B is a group, having (L)-configuration, of formula

wherein R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; and R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; —[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₃, wherein X is —O—, —NR²⁰—, or —S—; and u=1-3 and t=1-6; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl, particularly wherein R⁶⁴ is n-hexyl; n-heptyl; 4-(phenyl)benzyl; diphenylmethyl, 3-amino-propyl; 5-amino-pentyl; methyl; ethyl; isopropyl; isobutyl; n-propyl; cyclohexyl; cyclohexylmethyl; n-butyl; phenyl; benzyl; (3-indolyl)methyl; 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl; (4-phenyl)-phenyl; n-nonyl; CH₃—OCH₂CH₂—OCH₂— or CH₃—(OCH₂CH₂)₂—OCH₂—.
 8. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein Xaa¹⁵ is ^(D)Pro, ^(D)Cha, NMe^(D)Ile, ^(D)Tyr, ^(D)His, ^(D)His(Bzl), ^(D)4Pal, NMe^(D)Tyr, NMe^(D)Lys, (ABu)G, ^(D)Ile, NMe^(D)Ala, ^(D)Lys, or ^(D)Dab; Xaa¹⁶ is ^(L)Pro or Oic; the aforesaid ^(D)Pro moiety and/or the aforesaid ^(L)Pro moiety being optionally substituted as shown in formulae A8′, A8″, A8″′ and, respectively, A8″′, as defined in claim 3 and, respectively, in claim
 7. 9. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein the amino acid residues are: Xaa¹: Gly, NMeGly, Leu, Val, Ser, Asp, Glu, His, Tyr or Trp; Xaa²: His, Tyr, Arg, Lys or of type O; Xaa³: Ala, Cha, Tyr, Thr, Cit, Gln or of type O; Xaa⁵: Ser, Arg, Dab, Dap or the D-Isomer of type F; Xaa⁶: Ala, Gly; Xaa⁷: of formula -A-CO— or D-isomer of type D; Xaa⁸: Tyr, Dab, Arg, Thr or of type O; Xaa⁹: Arg or of type O; Xaa¹⁰: Tyr, Trp, 2Nal or of type O; Xaa¹²: Ala, Leu, Lys, Ser, Thr, Tyr or Trp; Xaa¹³: Gln, Thr, Cit or of type O; Xaa¹⁴: Ala, Lys, Orn, Arg, Gln, Glu or of type O; Xaa¹⁵: of formula -A-CO—, D-isomer of type C, D, E or F, or N-substituted glycine of type I; Xaa¹⁶: of formula B—CO—; Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, of type H; with the proviso that the molecule contains at least one but not more than four amino acid residues of type O and/or -A-CO— having a residue designated as “lipophilic moiety”.
 10. Compounds according to claim 9 wherein the amino acid residues of type O and/or the amino acid residues of -A-CO— are having a substituent R88 which is CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCOOR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴COR⁸⁹, —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCOOR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴COOR⁸⁹ or —CO(CH₂)_(p)(CHCONR³⁴)_(s)NR³⁴CONR³⁴R⁸⁹ (R³⁴, R⁸⁹, p, and s according to the general definitions of R³⁴, R⁸⁹, p, and s).
 11. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein the amino acid residues are: Xaa¹: Tyr; Xaa²: His, Arg or Dab(N^(γ)dd); Xaa³: Ala, Tyr, Thr, Lys(N^(ε)o) or 2Amtd-OH; Xaa⁴: Cys; Xaa⁵: Arg or Ser; Xaa⁶: Ala or Gly; Xaa⁷: ^(D)Pro, ^(D)Tyr, or ^(D)4AmPyrr1(td); Xaa⁸: Dab, Arg or Dab(N^(γ)dd); Xaa⁹: Arg or Arg(N^(ω)ooxca); Xaa¹⁰: Tyr or Tyr(Odd); Xaa¹¹: Cys; Xaa¹²: Tyr Xaa¹³: Gln, Dab(N^(γ)d), Dab(N^(γ)dd), Lys(N^(ε)o), Lys(N^(ε)d), Lys(N^(ε)dd), Lys(N^(ε)td), Lys(N^(ε)hd), Lys((N^(ε)od), Lys(N^(ε)16OHhd), Lys(N^(ε)4ooxbe), Lys(N^(ε)4ddoxbe), Lys(N^(ε)3CN4Fbe), 2Amdd-OH, ^(D)2Amdd-OH, Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd), Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)td), Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)nd), Gln(N^(ω)ad) or Ser(Od); Xaa¹⁴: Lys, Gln, Lys(N^(ε)o), Lys(N^(ε)glcho), Lys(N^(ε)ado) or Gln(N^(ω)ad); Xaa¹⁵: ^(D)Tyr or ^(D)Pro; Xaa¹⁶: Pro; Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, form a disulfide bridge;
 12. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the amino acid residues are: Xaa¹: Tyr; Xaa²: His; Xaa³: Ala; Xaa⁴: Cys; Xaa⁵: Arg; Xaa⁶: Ala; Xaa⁷: ^(D)Pro; Xaa⁸: Dab; Xaa⁹: Arg; Xaa¹⁰: Tyr; Xaa¹¹: Cys; Xaa¹²: Tyr; Xaa¹³: Lys(N^(ε)dd); Xaa¹⁴: Lys; Xaa¹⁵: ^(D)Pro; Xaa¹⁶: Pro; Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, form a disulfide bridge; or wherein the amino acid residues are: Xaa¹: Tyr; Xaa²: His; Xaa³: Tyr; Xaa⁴: Cys; Xaa⁵: Ser; Xaa⁶: Ala; Xaa⁷: ^(D)Pro; Xaa⁸: Dab; Xaa⁹: Arg; Xaa¹⁰: Tyr; Xaa¹¹: Cys; Xaa¹²: Tyr; Xaa¹³: Lys(N^(ε)hd); Xaa¹⁴: Lys; Xaa¹⁵: ^(D)Pro; Xaa¹⁶: Pro; Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, form a disulfide bridge; or wherein the amino acid residues are: Xaa¹: Tyr; Xaa²: His; Xaa³: Tyr; Xaa⁴: Cys; Xaa⁵: Ser; Xaa⁶: Ala; Xaa⁷: ^(D)Pro; Xaa⁸: Dab; Xaa⁹: Arg; Xaa¹⁰: Tyr; Cys; Xaa¹²: Tyr; Xaa¹³: Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd); Xaa¹⁴: Lys; Xaa¹⁵: ^(D)Pro; Xaa¹⁶: Pro; Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, form a disulfide bridge; or wherein the amino acid residues are: Xaa¹: Tyr; Xaa²: His; Xaa³: Ala; Xaa⁴: Cys; Xaa⁵: Arg; Xaa⁶: Ala; Xaa⁷: ^(D)Pro; Xaa⁸: Dab; Xaa⁹: Arg; Xaa¹⁰: Tyr; Xaa¹¹: Cys; Xaa¹²: Tyr; Xaa¹³: Lys(N^(ε)γgluN^(α)dd); Xaa¹⁴: Lys; Xaa¹⁵: ° Pro; Xaa¹⁶: Pro; Xaa⁴ and Xaa¹¹, taken together, form a disulfide bridge;
 13. Enantiomers of the compounds as defined in claim
 1. 14. Compounds according to claim 1 for use as therapeutically active substances, particularly as substances having CXCR4 antagonizing activity and/or anti-cancer activity and/or anti-inflammatory activity.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition containing a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically inert carrier, particularly in a form suitable for oral, topical, transdermal, injection, buccal, transmucosal, pulmonary or inhalation administration such tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions, liquids, gels, plaster, creams, ointments, syrup, slurries, suspensions, spray, nebuliser or suppositories.
 16. The use of compounds according to claim 1 for the manufacture of a CXCR4 antagonizing medicament, particularly intended to be used for preventing HIV infections in healthy individuals or for slowing and halting viral progression in infected patients; or where cancer is mediated or resulting from CXCR4 receptor activity; or where an immunological disease is mediated or resulting from CXCR4 receptor activity; or for treating immuno suppression; or during apheresis collections of peripheral blood stem cells and/or as agents to induce mobilization of stem cells to regulate tissue repair.
 17. A process for the manufacture of compounds according to claim 1 which process comprises (a) coupling an appropriately functionalized solid support with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product corresponds to Xaa^(n), wherein n is 16, 13, 8, 7, 5 or 2, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (b) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (c) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product corresponds to Xaa^(n-1), any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (d) removing the N-protecting group from the product obtained in step (c); (e) effecting steps substantially corresponding to steps (c) and (d) using appropriately N-protected derivatives of amino acids which in the desired end-product are in positions n−2 to 1, any functional group(s) which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivatives being likewise appropriately protected; (f) if n is not 16, further effecting steps substantially corresponding to steps (c) and (d) using appropriately N-protected derivatives of amino acids which in the desired end-product are in positions 16 to n+1, any functional group(s) which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivatives being likewise appropriately protected; (g) if desired, selectively deprotecting one or several protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and appropriately substituting the reactive group(s) thus liberated by attaching one or several lipophilic moieties. (h) if desired, forming an interstrand linkage between side-chains of appropriate amino acid residues at P4 and P11; or alternatively, forming the aforesaid linkage subsequent to step (m), as described herein below; (i) detaching the product thus obtained from the solid support; (i) cyclizing the product cleaved from the solid support; 